1. Unless otherwise noted, the primary sources cited in this article are transcribed on index cards in the artisan files and personnel files in the Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts (hereinafter cited MESDA), Winston-Salem, N.C. Several of the inventory references to furniture forms cited here were transcribed by Director of Research Bradford Rauschenberg and are in folders adjacent to the South Carolina furniture files. Thomas Ashe, Carolina, Or a Description of the Present State of that Country (London, 1682) in Narratives of Early Carolina, 1650–1708, edited by Alexander S. Salley, Jr. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1911), pp. 138–159.
2. For emigration to Carolina, see Richard Waterhouse, “South Carolina’s Colonial Elite: A Study in the Social Structure and Political Culture of a Southern Colony, 1670–1770” (Ph.D. dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, 1973); Richard S. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves: The Rise of the Planter Class in the English West Indies, 1624–1713 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1973); Charles E. Baird, History of the Huguenot Emigration to America, 2 vols. (1885; reprint ed., Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1991); Arthur Henry Hirsch, The Huguenots of Colonial South Carolina (1928; reprint ed., Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1991); Amy Ellen Friedlander, “Carolina Huguenots; A Study in Cultural Pluralism in the Low Country, 1679–1768” (Ph.D. dissertation, Emory University, 1979). The ethnic background of the African population in South Carolina is discussed in Daniel C. Littlefield, Rice and Slaves: Ethnicity and the Slave Trade in Colonial South Carolina (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991).
3. Waterhouse, “South Carolina’s Colonial Elite,” pp. 8–12. A smaller number of settlers came from Jamaica, Bermuda, Montserat, Antigua, Nevis, and New Providence. Mills Lane, Architecture of the Old South: South Carolina (New York: Abbeyville Press, 1989), p. 10.
4. Curtis P. Nettles, The Roots of American Civilization: A History of American Colonial Life (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1947), pp. 126, 139. Waterhouse, “South Carolina’s Colonial Elite,” pp. 12–17: “The [Proprietors’] instructions to Governor Sayle in 1669 directed that grants of 150 acres be made to each free person, the same for each male servant, 100 acres for each woman servant, 100 acres for each male servant under sixteen and 100 acres to servants when their time expired. Those arriving in subsequent years were to receive smaller grants.”
5. Waterhouse, “South Carolina’s Colonial Elite,” pp. 30–32. Of the twenty governors that served between 1664 and 1730, six were Barbadians (Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, p, 114; William Young Prior, Grahame Thomas Smallwood, Jr., John Frederick Dorman, and Timothy Field Beard, comps., The List of the Colonial Governors and Chief Executives of America Prior to 4 July 1776 [Lancaster, Va.: Hereditary Order of Descendants of Colonial Governors, 1989], n.p.).
6. MESDA artisan files. Dara L. D. Powell, The Flagg Family: An Artistic Legacy and the Provenance of a Collection (Pound Ridge, N.Y.: Countess Anthony Szápáry, 1986), p. 69.
7. Friedlander, “Carolina Huguenots,” pp. 86–89. Mazicq may have been one of the founders of the Huguenot Church in Charleston. In his will, he left the church £100 and specified that the interest be used for the support of a Protestant minister (Baird, Huguenot Immigration to America, 1:310–11). For the emigration of the L’Egaré family, see ibid., 2:111. In his will, François left Solomon twenty shillings “to cutt him off . . . for . . . deserting my Service . . . before he was of age, and marrying utterly against my will and consent” (MESDA artisan files). In early South Carolina records, Solomon’s last name is often spelled “Legare.”
8. For Le Moyne, see Jessie Poesch, The Arts of the Old South: Paintings, Sculpture, Architecture & the Products of Craftsmen, 1560–1860 (New York: Harrison House, 1983), pp. 3–7. Charles de Rochefort was a Huguenot minister living in Holland. His Histoire naturelle was published at Rotterdam in French in 1658 and in Dutch in 1662; at London in English in 1666; at Lyons in French in 1667; and at Rotterdam in French in 1681 (St. Julien Ravenel Childs, “French Origins in Carolina,” Transactions of the Huguenot Society of South Carolina 50 [1945]: 30). Judith Giton’s letter is translated in Baird, Huguenot Emigration to America, 2:114–15, 396–97. Friedlander, “Carolina Huguenots,” pp. 88–90.
9. Friedlander, “Carolina Huguenots,” pp. 2–4, 67–70, 106–8.
10. MESDA artisan files. Joiners Richard Batin (fl. 1672–1681) and Francis Gracia (fl. 1681–1703) may have been French, but conclusive evidence is lacking. Richard Batin, his wife, Rebecca, and a servant named George Prideaux arrived in the colony by May 1672 (Agnes Leland Baldwin, First Settlers of South Carolina, 1670–1680 [Easley, S.C.: Southern Historical Press, Inc., 1985], p. 16; Hirsch, Huguenots of Colonial South Carolina, pp. 8, 11; MESDA artisan files). Francis Gracia (fl. 1681–1703) was a resident of South Carolina by June 1681, and his wife, Elizabeth, immigrated three years later (Baldwin, First Settlers of South Carolina, p. 105; MESDA artisan files). Although Gracia’s origin is not known, his name could be a corruption of François Grascherie. Members of the Grascherie family of La Rochelle were naturalized in England in 1687 (Baird, Huguenot Emigration to America, 1:293). For Varine, see St. Julien Ravenel Childs, “The Petit–Guérard Colony,” South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine (hereinafter cited SCHGM) 43, no. 1 (January 1942): 1, 2, 16, 17; Alexander S. Salley, Jr., ed., Warrants for Land in South Carolina (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press,) pp. 335–36, 467; Deed from Theophilus Paty to James Varien, October 20, 1685, “Abstracts from the Records of the Court of Ordinary of the Province of South Carolina, 1692–1700,” SCHGM 9, no. 1 (January 1908): 119–20; Deed from “Susan Varine . . . Executrix of the last will . . . of James Varine” to unidentified grantee, March 1688/89 in Records of the Secretary of the Province and the Register of the Province of South Carolina, 1696–1703 (hereinafter cited as RSPRPSC), pt. 3, p. 376. For Le Chevalier, see Baird, Huguenot Emigration to America, 2:80; Land Warrant to “Peter le Chevalier,” October 19, 1692, Charleston County, South Carolina Wills (hereinafter cited CCSCW), 1687–1710, vol. 53, p. 542; Town lots 162, 163, and 168–170 granted to Le Chevalier between October 19, 1692, and November 16, 1693, RSPRPSC, 1714–1719, pt. 4, pp. 31–32; Will of “Peter Le Chevalier,” April 30, 1712, Charleston County, South Carolina Miscellaneous Records (hereinafter cited CCSCMR), 1711–1718, p. 33. At least two other joiners named Le Chevalier worked in the colonies (Neil D. Kamil, “Hidden in Plain Sight: Disappearance and Material Life in Colonial New York,” in American Furniture, edited by Luke Beckerdite and William N. Hosley [Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England for the Chipstone Foundation, 1995], pp. 212–14, 217–19, 231, 237, 245 n. 32). For Lardan, see Baird, Huguenot Emigration to America, 2:79; Hirsch, Huguenots of Colonial South Carolina, pp. 118–19 n. 58; Land Warrant to “James Larden,” March 31, 1694, RSPRPSC, 1714–1719, p. 41; “Liste des François et Suisses” From an Old Manuscript List of French and Swiss Protestants Settled in Charleston, on the Santee and the Orange Quarter in Carolina who Desired Naturalization (1696/97) (1868; reprint ed., Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1968), p. 41; and E. Milby Burton, Charleston Furniture, 1700–1825 (Charleston, S.C.: Charleston Museum, 1955), p. 100. For Lesueur, see Baird, Huguenot Emigration to America, 2:82; Hirsch, Huguenots of Colonial South Carolina, pp. 57–58, n. 32; Liste des François et Suisses, p. 50; “Abstracts from the Records of the Court of Ordinary of the Province of South Carolina, 1692–1700,” SCHGM, 10, no. 1 (January 1909): 137 (Governor Blake directs “Abraham Leswear” to appraise the estate of Jacques Lardan, along with joiners Pierre Le Chevalier and Steven [Étienne] Tauvron); Will of Jacques de Bordeaux, December 20, 1699, CCSCW, 1692–1693, vol. 53, p. 481; Bradford L. Rauschenberg, “Coffin Making and Undertaking in Charleston and its Environs, 1705–1820,” Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts 16, no. 1 (May 1990): 19–20; Alexander S. Salley, Jr., ed., Register of St. Philip’s Parish, Charles Town, S.C., 1720–1758 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1971), p. 264.
11. For Pierre Manigault, see Baird, Huguenot Emigration to America, 1:279, 326; Beatrice St. Julien Ravenel, Architects of Charleston (1945; reprint ed., Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1992), p. 55; and MESDA artisan files. For Gabriel Manigault, see Baird, Huguenot Emigration to America, 1:279, 326; Ravenel, Architects of Charleston, p. 55; and MESDA artisan files. For Galliard, see Baird, Huguenot Emigration to America, 2:32, 59; Warrant granted to Isaac Cailleboeuf of Sainte Soline in Poitou for bringing six persons including Galliard to Carolina (Salley, ed., Warrants, p. 446); Deed involving town lot owned by “Peter Girard and Peter Galliard,” December 1696, RSPRPSC, Miscellaneous Records, 1682–1690, pt. 4, p. 22; Liste des François et Suisses, pp. 52–53; Deeds from Paul Bruneau and John Gaillard to “Peter Gaillard,” RSPRPSC, 1707–1711, pt. 1, pp. 155–56; Warrants for land in Craven County received by Galliard between November 24, 1707, and April 14, 1709, ibid., pp. 45, 155–56, 259; and Hirsch, Huguenots of Colonial South Carolina, pp. 16–17. For Tauvron, see “Abstracts from the Records of the Court of Ordinary of the Province of South Carolina, 1692–1700,” SCHGM, 10, no. 1 (January 1909): 137; Will of Pierre Le Chevalier, September 1, 1702, CCSCW, 1671–1731, vol. 1, p. 48; Baird, Huguenot Migration to America, 1:311; Will of Stephen (Étienne)
Tauvron, July 19, 1729, CCSCW, vol. 63, p. 148; and Salley, ed., Register of St. Philip’s Parish, p. 234.
12. For Guibal, see Baird, Huguenot Migration to America, 2:106, 134; Warrants to “John Guppell” for land on the east side of the western branch of the Cooper River, January 9, 1695/96, and February 24, 1696/97 (Salley, ed., Warrants, pp. 528, 570); Hirsch, Huguenots of South Carolina, pp. 16–17. For Carion, see Liste des François et Suisses, p. 62; Hirsch, Huguenots of South Carolina, pp. 16–17.
13. For a later child’s slat-back armchair with turned arms that pass over the front posts, see Vie à La Campagne, December 1920 (reprinted 1982), p. 42. A seventeenth-century French armchair with a rail-and-spindle back and turned arms that pass over the front posts is illustrated in Vie à La Campagne, December 1922 (reprinted 1976), p. 30. The French counterparts of British “Cromwellian” chairs typically have turned or rasp-shaped arms that pass over the front supports (see Monica Burckhardt, Moblier Louis XIII Louis XIV [Paris: Charles Massin, undated]: pp. 10, 31). For more on French-influenced seating from southeast Virginia and eastern North Carolina, see John Bivins, Jr., The Furniture of Coastal North Carolina, 1700–1820 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press for MESDA, 1988), pp. 115–17; John Bivins, Jr., “The French Connection,” The Luminary 8, no. 2 (Summer 1987), pp. 1–3; John Bivins, Jr., and Forsyth Alexander, The Regional Arts of the Early South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press for MESDA, 1991), p. 21; and Ronald L. Hurst and Jonathan Prown, Southern Furniture, 1680–1830: The Colonial Williamsburg Collection (New York: Harry Abrams, 1997). See, for example, the armchair and side chair in Philippe de Champaigne’s Ex-Voto (1662), illustrated in Alain Mérot, French Painting in the Seventeenth Century, translated by Caroline Beamish (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1995), p. 187.
14. For more on the use of the center bit in the seventeenth century, see Benno M. Forman, American Seating Furniture, 1630–1730 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1988), pp. 254–55. The author thanks John Alexander for his thoughts on the use of this tool.
15. Inventory of Wilson Dunston, April 27, 1692, CCSCW, 1687–1710, vols. 52–53, pp. 117–32; Inventory of Joseph Penderves, July 13, 1695, CCSCW, 1687–1710, vols. 52–53, pp. 301–4. In 1725, Richard Woodward’s estate included “12 Black Permatto Bottom chares” (CCSCMR, 1726–1729, pp. 122–26); and in 1733, John Gardner’s estate included “2 Elbow and 27 plain Parmatoce Botsd. Chairs” (CCSCW, 1732–1737, vols. 65–66, pp. 139–40), and John Lewis’s estate included “12 black chairs Carolina Make . . . £6”(CCSCW, 1732–1737, vols. 65–66, pp. 112–15). Hammocks occur sporadically in seventeenth-century European inventories. A “cotton hamocke” was at Knole in 1645, and Prince Maurice of Nassau presented a hammock to the King of France (Peter Thornton, Seventeenth-Century Interior Decoration in England, France and Holland [New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1978], pp. 169, 172).
16. For different forms of bedsteads, see Inventory of Nicholas Mardin, March 3, 1696/97, CCSCW, 1687–1710, vols. 53–53, pp. 418–20; and Inventory of Richard Phillyps, February 20, 1694/95, CCSCW, 1687–1710, vols. 52–53, pp. 287–90. “Paul Grimball’s Losses by the Spanish Invasion in 1686,” SCHGM 29, no. 1 (January 1928): 233–36.
17. One of the earliest references to a couch in South Carolina is the “cain” one owned by William Rhett in 1719 (Thayer Hall Indenture to Col. William Rhett, January 8, 1718/19, Register of the Province of South Carolina, 1714–1719, (hereinafter cited RPSC) pp. 353–55. Cane couches probably appeared about the same time as cane chairs. Francis Turgis’s inventory of March 19, 1696/97, listed a dozen cane chairs (CCSCW, 1687–1710, vols. 52–53, pp. 429–31). Inventory of John Boyden, September 5, 1726, CCSCMR, 1726–1727, pp. 130–35. Inventory of William Ramsey, July 4, 1733, CCSCW, 1732–1737, vols. 65–66, pp. 46–49. The gateleg table illustrated in fig. 11 is discussed in Peter M. Kenny, “Flat Gates, Draw Bars, Twists, and Urns: New York’s Distinctive, Early Baroque Oval Tables with Falling Leaves,” in American Furniture, edited by Luke Beckerdite (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England for the Chipstone Foundation, 1994), pp. 109, fig. 2; 116. A New York draw-bar table by the same turner is in a private collection. For an excellent discussion of the Carolina couch, see Bivins and Alexander, The Regional Arts of the Early South, p. 72. Most of the colony’s Germanic immigrants settled in Purrysbury, New Windsor, and rural communities along the Savannah River.
18. Andrew Allen’s October 18, 1735, inventory listed a couch and squab valued at £10 (CCSCW, 1732–1737, vols. 65–66, pp. 331–34). Charleston upholsterer Robert Hunt advertised “couches, matrasses, [and] squabs” in the August 10, 1734, issue of the Charleston Gazette. Inventory of Daniel Gale, January 26, 1725, CCSCMR, 1726–1727, pp. 24–26. As quoted in Audrey Michie, “Charleston Upholstery in All Its Branches, 1725–1820,” Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts 11, no. 2 (November 1985): 57. Pavilions are discussed in detail in Thornton, Seventeenth-Century Interior Decoration, pp. 159–60. Michie, “Charleston Upholstery,” p. 60.
19. “Grimball’s Losses,” pp. 233–36. For more on turkeywork chairs, see Margaret Swain, “The Turkey-work Chairs of Holeyrood House,” in Upholstery in America & Europe from the Seventeenth Century to World War I, edited by Edward S. Cooke, Jr., (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1987), pp. 51–63. The influence of French seating on chairmaking in Holland and England is discussed in Thornton, Seventeenth-Century Interior Decoration, pp. 192–203; Peter Thornton, “Upholstered Seat Furniture in Europe, 17th and 18th Centuries,” in Cooke, ed., Upholstery in America & Europe, pp. 29–34; and Robert F. Trent, “17th-Century Upholstery in Massachusetts,” in ibid., p. 40.
20. Antiques 10, no. 2 (August 1926): 141. Paul H. Burroughs, Southern Antiques (Richmond, Va.: Garrett & Massie, Inc., 1931), pp. 161, 166. For more on the southern chair, see Hurst and Prown, Southern Furniture, 1680–1830 pp. 52–54.
21. Thornton, “Upholstered Seat Furniture,” p. 33; and Thornton, Seventeenth-Century Interior Decoration, pp. 180, 181, 202, 207. The New York chair is illustrated and discussed in Kamil, “Hidden in Plain Sight,” pp. 201–7. The bulbous finials, compressed baluster turnings, and flat scrolled arms on the Carolina chair are reminiscent of those on an eighteenth-century, Danish slat-back chair illustrated in Forman, American Seating, p. 172, fig. 87. French styles had a tremendous influence on Scandinavian furniture.
22. French and French-Canadian escabeaux are illustrated in Jacqueline Boccador, Le Moblier Français Du Moyen Age à la Renaissance (Saint Just en Chaussée, Fr.: Monelle Hayot, 1988), p. 306, fig. 259; and Jean Palardy, The Early Furniture of French Canada (1963; reprint ed., New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1965), pp. 205–6.
23. For references to “Dutch” chairs and tables, see especially Thayer Hall Indenture to Colonel William Rhett, January 8, 1718, RPSC, 1714–1719, pp. 353–55; and Inventory of Alice Hogg, March 10, 1726/27, photocopy on file at MESDA. During the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, gateleg tables were generally identified by their woods or the shape or action of their tops (Kenny, “Flat Gates, Draw Bars, Twists, and Urns,” pp. 107–8). The Manigault example would probably have been referred to as a “cedar,” “oval” (or possibly round), “flap,” or “falling leaf” table. The 1692 inventory of Wilson Dunston listed a “ceadar ovell table” valued at £1.10 (see note 15 above).
24. A French-Canadian gateleg table similar to the European example (fig. 24) is illustrated in Palardy, The Early Furniture of French Canada, fig. 382. The turnings on the European table are very similar to those on many late seventeenth-century “Ile D’Oléron” chairs (MESDA research file S-9119; conversation with Robert F. Trent).
25. Ashe, Carolina, in Salley, ed., Narratives of Early Carolina, p. 142. Bradford L. Rauschenberg, “Timber Available in Charleston,” Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts 20, no. 2 (November 1994): 53, 61.
26. A Brief Description of the Province of Carolina (London: Robert Horne, 1666), in Historical Collections of South Carolina: Embracing Many Rare & Valuable Pamphlets and Other Documents Relating to the History of that State From its First Discovery to its Independence in the Year 1776, 2 vols. (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1836), p. 12. The latest pieces of Charleston furniture with walnut primary are a desk signed by cabinetmaker William Carwitham (fl. 1730–1770) (MESDA collection) and the dressing table illustrated in fig. 45. Both date to about 1740–1745.
27. Similar details also occur on contemporary tables from French- and Dutch-settled areas of New York (Kenny, “Flat Gates, Draw Bars, Twists, and Urns,” pp. 110, fig. 4; 112, fig. 10; 130). For French and French colonial tables with dovetailed cleats, see Boccador, Le Moblier Français Du Moyen Age à la Renaissance, p. 22; and Palardy, Furniture of French Canada, figs. 376, 379, 398, 410.
28. For Broughton, see Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, p. 112, n. 41; Baldwin, First Settlers of South Carolina, p. 36; MESDA, Henrietta Johnston (Winston-Salem, N.C.: by the museum, 1991), pp. 51–52; and Waterhouse, “South Carolina’s Colonial Elite,” pp. 69–70. Broughton dealt in furs and Indian slaves who were sent to the West Indies. As quoted in Lane, Architecture of the Old South: South Carolina, p. 22.
29. Thomas Tileston Waterman, The Dwellings of Colonial America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1950), pp. 32–37. Conversations with J. Thomas Savage and Jonathan Poston of the Historic Charleston Foundation and architectural historian Ralph Harvard. For a structural analysis of Mulberry, see George T. Fore and Associates, Report on Mulberry Plantation, Goose Creek, South Carolina, Raleigh, N.C., 1989.
30. On September 17, 1703, Broughton and Le Chevalier executed a bond to Governor Nathaniel Johnson, Broughton’s father-in-law, for Peter Jacob Gurrard’s proper administration of the estate of his father, Jacob, of Berkeley County (“Abstracts from the Records of the Court of Ordinary of the Province of South Carolina, 1700–1712,” SCHGM 12, no. 1 [January 1911]: 208). Henrietta Johnston, pp. 39, 51, 53. Baird, Huguenot Emigration to America, 1:284, 297.
31. Baird, Huguenot Emigration to America, 1:310, 2:50–51. Daniel, Sr., and his wife were naturalized in England on March 8, 1682. Daniel, Jr., and his sister, Madeleine, were born in South Carolina.
32. Lane, Architecture of the Old South: South Carolina, pp. 22, 27–29. Burton, Charleston Furniture, fig. 76; MESDA research file, S-8157. New York tables with stacked balusters are illustrated in Kenny, “Flat Gates, Draw Bars, Twists, and Urns,” pp. 109, fig. 2; 110, fig. 3; 112, fig. 9; 119, fig. 23; 121, figs. 26–27; 124–25; and Dean F. Failey, Long Island Is My Nation: The Decorative Arts & Craftsmen, 1640–1830 (Setauket, N.Y.: Society for the Preservation of Long Island Antiquities, 1976), p. 28, fig. 27.
33. The author thanks Ronald L. Hurst for the information on the dressing table. Rauschenberg, “Timber Available in Charleston,” pp. 70–71. Mahogany appears in Boston furniture during the late seventeenth century and in New York furniture by the first decade of the eighteenth century. Given the Low Country’s familial and trade connections with the West Indies, it is likely that mahogany came into use in Charleston at about the same time. Although the drawer has been altered, the red bay components appear to be original. They support a Charleston attribution, since this wood seldom appears on furniture made elsewhere. Naturalist Mark Catesby wrote: “in Carolina [red bay is] everywhere seen. . . . [T]he wood is fine grain’d, and of excellent use for cabinets, &c.” (Rauschenberg, “Timber Available in Charleston,” pp. 46–47). On January 23, 1733/34, joiner Thomas Blythe mortgaged property including “36 mahogany boards and red bay boards” (ibid).
34. The earliest joiner known to have moved from New England to Charleston is Charles Warham (1701–1779). Born in London, Warham worked in Boston for at least a decade prior to his arrival in Charleston about 1733 (MESDA artisan files; Myrna Kaye, “Eighteenth-century Boston Furniture Craftsmen,” in Boston Furniture of the Eighteenth Century, edited by Walter Muir Whitehill, Brock Jobe, and Jonathan Fairbanks [Boston: Colonial Society of Massachusetts, 1972], p. 300). In the November 2, 1734, issue of the South Carolina Gazette, he advertised, “Charles Earham, Joiner, late from Boston, N. England, maketh all sorts of Tables, Chests, Chest of Drawers, Desks, Book-cases . . . [and] Coffins of the newest fashion, never as yet made in Charlestown.” Baird, Huguenot Emigration to America, 1:282, 2:315, 333. Joyce D. Goodfriend, Before the Melting Pot: Society and Culture in Colonial New York City, 1664–1730 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992), p. 49.
35. Twenty-two of Johnston’s sitters were of British descent, seventeen were of French descent, and three are unidentified (Henrietta Johnston, pp. 42–72). For Johnston’s origins, see Martha R. Severens, “Who was Henrietta Johnston?” Antiques 148, no. 5 (November 1995): 704–9. As quoted in Whaley Batson, “Henrietta Johnston (c. 1674–1729),” in Henrietta Johnston, p. 10. For more on Johnston and her patrons, see ibid.; Forsyth Alexander, “Henrietta’s Charles Town: Charleston in the First Quarter of the Eighteenth Century”; and “The Crayon Drawings of Henrietta Johnston and Related Works, ” in Henrietta Johnston.
36. Henrietta Johnston, p. 50.
37. John Lawson, A New Voyage to Carolina, edited by Hugh Talmedge Lefler (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1967).
38. For more on Guerard, de Longemare, and L’Egaré, see Baird, History of the Huguenot Migration, 2:52, 77, 80, 111–12; Samuel Gaillard Stoney, “Nicholas de Longuemare,” Transactions of the Huguenot Society of South Carolina 55 (1950): 38–69; and MESDA artisan files. Frank Horton, “Miles Brewton, Goldsmith,” Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts 7, no. 2 (November 1981): 1–13. Museum of London, The Quiet Conquest: The Huguenots, 1685–1985 (London: by the museum, 1985), pp. 72–76. The aforementioned silversmiths are often referred to as “Peter Jacob Girrard,” “Solomon Legare,” and “Nicholas de Longuemare” in South Carolina records.
39. Horton, “Miles Brewton, Goldsmith,” pp. 9–12. For the history of the French cup, see Frederich Dalcho, An Historical Account of the Protestant Episcopal Church in South Carolina (1820; reprint ed., New York: Arno Press, 1970), p. 273; and MESDA research file S-10933.
40. Batson, “Henrietta Johnston (c. 1674–1729),” p. 10. “Will of Peter Manigault,” Transactions of the Huguenot Society of South Carolina 30 (1925): 40. The Manigault family’s connection to the French church persisted throughout the eighteenth century. On March 2, 1774, the Georgia Gazette reported, “the body of the Honourable Peter Manigault, Esq. who lately died in London arrived [in Charleston] . . . and the same evening was deposited in the family vault in the cemetery belonging to the French Church.”
|