1. Although Tennessee did not become a state until 1796, I refer to the area by its current name. David Hackett Fischer and James C. Kelly, Away, I’m Bound Away: Virginia and the Westward Movement (Richmond: Virginia Historical Society, 1993), p. 68. Present-day Tennessee is readily divided into three geographic regions. The Cumberland Mountains separate East Tennessee from Middle Tennessee, and the Tennessee River separates Middle Tennessee from West Tennessee. During the late eighteenth century, however, settlement had not spread west of the Tennessee River, and period references to western Tennessee refer to all the territory west of the mountains. Eastin Morris, The Tennessee Gazetteer (1834; reprint, Nashville: Williams Printing Company, 1971), pp. 17–22. J. G. M. Ramsey, The Annals of Tennessee (1853; reprint ed., Knoxville: East Tennessee Historical Society, 1967), pp. 205, 275–80.
2. Lucile Deaderick, ed., Heart of the Valley: A History of Knoxville, Tennessee (Knoxville: East Tennessee Historical Society, 1976), pp. 2–7. Ramsey, Annals of Tennessee, p. 648.
3. The interaction between cabinetmakers and their patrons lies at the heart of the design and production of furniture. According to art historian Edward S. Cooke, Jr. “furniture embodies and manifests the shared values and experiences of its maker and user” (Edward S. Cooke, Jr., “The Study of American Furniture from the Perspective of the Maker,” in Perspectives on American Furniture, edited by Gerald W. R. Ward [New York: W. W. Norton for the Winterthur Museum, 1988], p. 125). Wallace B. Gusler, “The Arts of Shenandoah County, Virginia, 1770–1825,” Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts 5, no. 1 (November 1979): 10. Philip Zea discusses this phenomenon with reference to New England furniture using the model of a wagon wheel. He places the original design source at the hub of the wheel and the regional variations along the spokes. The ends of the spokes obviously connect at the rim, providing another opportunity for exchange of ideas and adaptation of forms (Philip Zea, “Diversity and Regionalism in Rural New England Furniture,” in American Furniture, edited by Luke Beckerdite and William N. Hosley [Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England for the Chipstone Foundation, 1995], p. 69).
4. The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation (hereinafter cited as CWF) has four other pieces from the same shop that made the desk-and-bookcase shown in figure 2: two high chests (acc. 1973–206, 1973–325), a card table (acc. 1987–725), and a corner cupboard (acc. 1973–197). One of the high chests is illustrated in figure 22. With the exception of the corner cupboard, all of these pieces were owned by David Lupton, who built Cherry Row on Apple Pie Ridge outside Winchester in 1794. Other furniture from the same shop is recorded in the files at CWF and the Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts (hereinafter cited as MESDA). See, for example, MESDA research files S-9460, S-11186, and S-13543. Local interpretations of all the Delaware Valley details discussed above occur on furniture from other regions of the southern backcountry. For a discussion of Delaware Valley influences on Piedmont North Carolina furniture, see John Bivins, “A Piedmont North Carolina Cabinetmaker: The Development of Regional Style,” Antiques 103, no. 5 (May 1973): 968–73; Carolyn Weekley, “James Gheen, Piedmont North Carolina Cabinetmaker,” Antiques 103, no. 5 (May 1973): 940–44; Luke Beckerdite, “City Meets Country: The Work of Peter Eddleman, Cabinetmaker,” Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts 5, no. 2 (November 1979): 59–73; and Beckerdite, “The Development of Regional Style in the Catawba River Valley: A Further Look,” Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts 7, no. 2 (November 1981): 31–48. I thank Alan Miller for the information on quarter-columns on Delaware Valley furniture. For more on Philadelphia furniture, see William MacPherson Hornor, Blue Book of Philadelphia Furniture (1935; reprint, Alexandria, Va.: Highland House Publishers, 1988). Stop-fluted quarter-columns are common on Newport and Newport-influenced furniture (see Michael Moses, Master Craftsmen of Newport: The Townsends and Goddards [Tenafly, N.J.: MMI Americana Press, 1984], passim). John Shearer of Martinsburg, West Virginia, used swagged rather than arched stop-fluting (MESDA research file S-11732).
5. For a discussion of the Winchester armchair, see John Bivins and Forsyth Alexander, The Regional Arts of the Early South (Winston-Salem, N.C.: MESDA, 1991), p. 126. For the Frye desk, see Wallace Gusler’s article in this volume (p. 233, fig. 22.) Although clearly sharing a regional aesthetic in the employment of fluted quarter-columns and document drawers and a cove-molded surround to the prospect doors, various details distinguish the Frye desk and the Lupton desk-and-bookcase (fig. 2) and strongly suggest that they are the products of different shops. Not only do the interiors of the two desks have completely different drawer arrangements (the Lupton desk adheres to the typical Philadelphia plan of interior), the proportions of the interiors are different as well. The interior of the signed desk does not have pigeonholes, and it has a wider prospect door and wider document drawers. The desk-and-bookcase has channel molding on the outer side of the document drawers rather than cove molding. The details of the quarter-columns reveal striking differences between the two pieces as well. The Frye desk has generic fluted quarter-columns as compared to the arched, stop-fluted quarter-columns specific to Winchester and Knoxville furniture. Overall, the columns on the desk-and-bookcase are more finely detailed and have capitals and bases that are fully articulated according to classical architecture. The block at the top of the column on the desk-and-bookcase is the same height as the drawer rail, creating linear visual continuity, whereas the block on the Frye desk is greater in height. The signed desk has thicker rails and stiles than the desk-and-bookcase. These characteristics of the Lupton desk-and-bookcase and distinctions between it and the Frye desk are consistent throughout a larger group of furniture that does appear to be the product of the same shop as the Lupton furniture. (See MESDA research files, S-1186, S-10646, S-9460, and 13543). As the drawer bottoms on the Frye desk appear to have been replaced and the feet are replaced, a comparison of certain aspects of drawer construction and foot pattern are not possible. The Frye desk does not appear to be directly related to the Tennessee furniture discussed in this article. Although most of these forms were not rococo in the truest sense of the word, they had details that originated with that style. Harrold E. Gillingham, “Benjamin Lehman, A Germantown Cabinetmaker,” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 54, no. 4 (October 1930), pp. 289–306. Hornor, Blue Book of Philadelphia Furniture, pp. 231–70.
6. Lewis Brantz, Memorandum of a Journey (1785), as reproduced in Early Travels in the Tennessee Country, 1540–1800, compiled by Samuel Cole Williams (1928; reprint ed., Nashville: Blue and Gray Press, 1972), p. 285. François André Michaux, Travels to the Westward of the Allegheny Mountains in the States of Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee (Undertaken in the Year 1802) (London, 1805), p. 245. James Patrick, Architecture in Tennessee, 1768-1897 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1981), p. 71. Harriette Simpson Arnow, Seedtime on the Cumberland (New York: MacMillan, 1960), p. 234. Michaux, Travels, p. 254. James Patrick describes Cragfont as representing “the conquering of the Cumberland by style” (Patrick, Architecture in Tennessee, p. 71). Thomas B. Brumbaugh, Martha I. Strayhorn, and Gary G. Gore, eds., Architecture of Middle Tennessee: The Historic American Buildings Survey (Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University Press, 1974), p. 106. In 1800, Davidson County’s population was 9,965, and Sumner County’s, 4,616. Nashville had a population of 400 in 1804. History of Tennessee (Nashville, Tenn.: Goodspeed Publishing, 1887), pp. 360–61. Morris, Tennessee Gazetteer, p. 212.
7. The desk-and-bookcase shown in figure 9 was in the Hermitage when the house was acquired by the Ladies Hermitage Association in 1889. The Hermitage had been continuously occupied by members of the Jackson family until the death of Andrew Jackson, Jr.’s, widow in 1888. The desk-and-bookcase and the chest of drawers illustrated in figure 12 were purchased from Colonel Andrew Jackson III (the president’s grandson), who reported that they had belonged to his grandfather. The handwritten initials “AJH” on one of the fallboard supports apparently refer to Andrew Jackson Hutchings, a nephew of Rachel Donelson Jackson and a ward of the couple (Files of the Ladies Hermitage Association, and conversations with Marsha Mullin, Curator of Collections, The Hermitage). For other pieces with framed drawer supports, see MESDA research files S-13543 and S-5210 (both from Frederick County) and S-13141, S-14304, and S-11950 (from Piedmont North Carolina). I am grateful to Alan Miller for information on Pennsylvania furniture with similar construction. Although Miller describes the framed supports as Germanic, they also occur on Charleston furniture made by the Scottish immigrant Robert Walker (see MESDA research file S-8045 and S-9038). Such supports may, therefore, be a result of Scottish, Scots-Irish, and Germanic influences.
8. Each additional option added to the cost of a piece. According to Benjamin Lehman, quarter-columns added ten shillings to the cost of a desk (Gillingham, “Benjamin Lehman,” p. 290).
9. Fortescue Cuming, Sketches of a Tour to the Western Country Through the States of Ohio and Kentucky; A Voyage Down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers; and A Trip Through the Mississippi Territory and Parts of Western Florida (Pittsburgh, Pa.: Cramer, Spear, & Eichbaum, 1810), p. 164. François André Michaux, The North American Sylva, or a Description of the Forest Trees of the United States, Canada and Nova Scotia, 2 vols. (Paris: J. Mawman, 1819), 2:207.
10. Robert V. Remini, Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire, 1767–1821 (New York: Harper & Row, 1977), pp. 41, 60–68, 131–32. Mary French Caldwell, Andrew Jackson’s Hermitage (Nashville, Tenn.: Ladies Hermitage Association, 1933), pp. 9–24.
11. James McCague, The Cumberland (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1973), pp. 58–64. Paul Clements, A Past Remembered: A Collection of AnteBellum Houses in Davidson County, 2 vols. (Nashville, Tenn.: Clearview Press, 1987), 1:228. Caldwell, Andrew Jackson’s Hermitage, p. 7. Arnow, Seedtime on the Cumberland, p. 240. Inventory and Division of the Estate of John Donelson, Davidson County Wills and Inventories, July 1790 and April 1791, bk. 1, pp. 166–67, 176, 196–201.
12. There are two published checklists of Tennessee cabinetmakers: Ellen Beasley, “Tennessee Cabinetmakers and Chairmakers Through 1840,” Antiques 100, no. 4 (October 1971): 612–21; and Derita Coleman Williams and Nathan Harsh, The Art and Mystery of Tennessee Furniture and its Makers, Through 1850 (Nashville: Tennessee Historical Society and Tennessee State Museum Foundation, 1988), pp. 271–323.
13. Also included in the estate sale were “Desk Mountings” and walnut and poplar plank. Inventory of William Crawford, Davidson County Wills and Inventories, October 1803, bk. 2, p. 338. Estate sale of William Crawford, Davidson County Wills and Inventories, October 1804, bk 2, pp. 397–98. James H. Craig, The Arts and Crafts in North Carolina, 1699–1840 (Winston-Salem, N.C.: MESDA, 1965), entry 2009. Absalom Davis is listed on Davidson County tax lists in 1805 and 1811. Williams and Harsh, The Art and Mystery of Tennessee Furniture, pp. 282, 301. Inventory of Joseph McBride, Davidson County Wills and Inventories, October 1815, bk. 4, p. 376. Walter T. Durham, Old Sumner: A History of Sumner County, Tennessee From 1805 to 1861 (Gallatin, Tenn.: Sumner County Public Library Board, 1972), p. 62. The inventories of Charles Beasley (Davidson County Wills and Inventories, June 1816, bk. 7, p. 17) and Abram Bledsoe (Sumner County Wills and Inventories, August 1815, bk. 1, p. 225) indicate that they were house joiners. The Jackson and Donelson furniture differs from that made by William Winchester, Smith and Peter Hansborough, Robert Taylor, and John Gillespie (see Williams and Harsh, The Art and Mystery of Tennessee Furniture, pp. 29, 73, 79, 100, 109, 110, 131, 132).
14. Goodspeed’s History of Hamilton, Knox, and Shelby Counties of Tennessee (1887; reprint ed., Nashville, Tenn.: Charles and Randy Elder Booksellers, 1974), pp. 798–99. Despite historian Mary Rothrock’s claim, Blount Mansion does not appear to be “the first frame house built west of the mountains.” Mary U. Rothrock, ed., The French Broad–Holston Country: A History of Knox County, Tennessee (Knoxville: East Tennessee Historical Society, 1946), p. 32. Patrick, Architecture in Tennessee, pp. 69–71. Charles Coffin Journal, February 7, 1801, Calvin M. McClung Historical Collection, Lawson-McGhee Library, Knoxville, as quoted in Patrick, Architecture in Tennessee, p. 3. “Report of the Journey of the Brethren Abraham Steiner and Frederick C. De Schweinitz to the Cherokees and the Cumberland Settlements,” in Williams, comp., Early Travels in the Tennessee Country, pp. 454, 508. Michaux, Travels, pp. 272–74, 280. Deaderick, ed., Heart of the Valley, pp. 70, 74.
15. Pollyanna Creekmore describes McGhee as a merchant and land speculator and states that he is the “progenitor of the McGhee family of Knox, Blount, and Monroe counties” (Pollyanna Creekmore, Early East Tennessee Taxpayers [Easley, S.C.: Southern Historical Press, 1980], p. 44). For the history of this object, see MESDA research file S-10416. Rothrock, French Broad–Holston Country, p. 448. Hornor, Blue Book of Philadelphia Furniture, p. 122. Piedmont North Carolina cabinetmakers James Gheen and Jesse Needham made desks with fallboards supported by the upper drawers (Weekley, “James Gheen,” pp. 941, 944; and Bivins, “A Piedmont North Carolina Cabinetmaker,” p. 971). The other Tennessee desk with this form of fallboard support is remarkably similar to desks attributed to Gheen. It was made by John Gillespie who came to Tennessee from Rowan County, North Carolina (Williams and Harsh, The Art and Mystery of Tennessee Furniture, p. 100).
16. This desk-and-bookcase was formerly attributed to the northern Shenandoah Valley because of its Delaware Valley details and the arched stop-fluting. For an illustration of a “Ralph cupboard,” see Bernard L. Herman, The Stolen House (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1992), p. 185, fig. 5.9. A cellaret with a running astragal applied along the bottom edge of its case is illustrated in Gerald W. R. Ward, American Case Furniture in the Mabel Brady Garvan and Other Collections at Yale University (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1988), pp. 444–45, fig. 230. Although Ward attributes the cellaret to North Carolina, it may be from Knox County. The scalloping on the Yale cellaret has drilled holes in the center of each astragal, a detail not found on the East Tennessee pieces discussed in this article.
17. This cupboard has a well-documented history in northern Knox County. It was originally owned by members of the Anderson and McCampbell families who moved to East Tennessee from Rockbridge County, Virginia, during the late eighteenth century. A member of the Swiss Truan family purchased a tract of land from Robert M. Anderson in 1849. The house and its contents, including the cupboard, were part of the sale (MESDA research file S-11228).
18. Benno M. Forman, “German Influences in Pennsylvania Furniture,” in Arts of the Pennsylvania Germans, edited by Scott M. Swank (New York: W. W. Norton, 1983), p. 123. One of these cupboards (private collection) was nearly identical in form and decoration to figure 12, although it is slightly smaller and has quarter-column flutes that extend from the capitals to the bases. On all of the pieces with quarter-columns illustrated in this article, the flutes stop approximately 3/4" short of capitals and bases. The other cupboard (private collection) has a wide medial molding and no quarter-columns or drawers. A corner cupboard that may be related to this group is illustrated in Namuni Hale Young, Art and Furniture of East Tennessee (Knoxville: East Tennessee Historical Society, 1997), p. 29, fig. 51.
19. This chest was formerly attributed to the North Carolina Piedmont based upon the scalloped frieze (MESDA research file S-11647). This particular form of scalloped frieze is different from that found in North Carolina. The Carolina friezes are generally of an undulating wave form (see MESDA acc. 2023-20).
20. East Tennessee Historical Society, acc. 93.4. MESDA research file S-13024. This chest was purchased in Greene County in the early twentieth century.
21. On June 2, 1788, the State Gazette of South Carolina reported that Hope led the city’s architects in a procession in Charleston. Although the city directory for 1790 lists Hope as a cabinetmaker at 15 Friend Street, furniture historian Brad Rauschenburg speculates that the description of Hope’s trade may be inaccurate since Friend Street was a center for carpenters, and no other cabinetmakers are listed on that street. Evidence of Hope’s work for Izard lies solely in the naming of one of his children for Ralph Izard and an entry in the journal of Charles Coffin of Knoxville regarding a conversation he had with Hope. Kenneth Scott, comp., British Aliens in the United States During the War of 1812 (Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1979). Beatrice St. Julien Ravenal, Architects of Charleston (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1992), pp. 88–89. Susan Douglas Tate, “Thomas Hope of Tennessee, c. 1757–1820, House Carpenter and Joiner” (master’s thesis, University of Tennessee, 1972), pp. 35–37, 42. Bradford L. Rauschenberg, Charleston Cabinetmakers, 1680–1820 (Winston-Salem, N.C.: MESDA, forthcoming). Knoxville Gazette, November 14, 1796, and March 20, 1797, as cited in Tate, “Thomas Hope,” pp. 46–47. Hope’s involvement in the construction of Ramsey House is based upon an autobiography written by J. G. M. Ramsey (son of Frances Ramsey of Ramsey House) in the late nineteenth century. Tate, “Thomas Hope,” pp. 82–86. The book of architecture referred to by Coffin is probably William Pain’s The Builder’s Golden Rule, or the Youth’s Sure Guide (1782). Hope’s copy of this book, minus its cover, is in the McClung Historical Collection, Lawson-McGhee Library, Knoxville. Journal of Charles Coffin, 1775–1853, as cited in Tate, “Thomas Hope,” pp. 93, 96.
22. Entries for January 18, 1797, February 6, 1797, and February 13, 1797, in the Waste Book of David Henley, as cited in Tate, “Thomas Hope,” p. 59. Rauschenberg, Charleston Cabinetmakers.
23. W. B. Hesseltine, ed., Autobiography and Letters of Dr. J. G. M. Ramsey (Nashville: Tennessee Historical Commission, 1954), p. 9, as cited in Tate, “Thomas Hope,” p. 51. The “compting house desk” is in the collection of Blount Mansion (acc. 2-79). The secretary-and-bookcase is recorded in MESDA research file S-11911 and is illustrated in Williams and Harsh, Art and Mystery of Tennessee Furniture, p. 74, fig. 74. It descended in the Joseph Strong family and is attributed to Hope because he worked on Strong’s house.
24. Tate, “Thomas Hope,” pp. 130–33. Inventory of Thomas Hope, Knoxville Wills and Inventories, July 1821, bk. 3, p. 285. Thomas Hope to Elizabeth Hope, January 29, 1820, transcription of letter, McClung Historical Collection.
25. In 1802, Margaret Russell Cowan married Thomas Humes, a Knoxville merchant who had immigrated from Ireland. After Humes’s death, she married Francis Ramsey in 1820 (Rothrock, French Broad–Holston Country, p. 471). Ramsey’s inventory indicates that the desk-and-bookcase belonged to his widow and was property from her former marriage (Inventory of Francis A. Ramsey, Knox County Wills and Inventories, April 1821, bk. 3, pp. 249–56). The oral tradition linking Hope with the Humes desk may stem from the fact that Thomas Hope and Thomas Hope, Jr., received $286.50 from Humes’s estate; however, this payment was probably for carpentry work. Humes’s inventory lists plank, brick, locks, hinges, screws, glass, and paint for projects he had commenced “or made contracts for the building of previous to his death” (Inventory of Thomas Humes, Knox County Wills and Inventories, January 1817, bk. 2, pp. 308–10; Report on the Settlement of the Estate of Thomas Humes, Knox County Wills and Inventories, July 1818, bk. 3, pp. 33–34).
26. Apparently, the bookcase originally overhung the back of the desk by about 11/2". The bookcase now sits on top of the base molding, which is approximately 11/4" deep. A positioning rail attached to the leading edge of the bottom of the bookcase (behind the doors) is missing. Holes in the top of the desk indicate that this rail was screwed from below to secure the bookcase. The dovetails of the bookcase and those of the drawers of the lower case are similar.
27. Campbell (1750–1812) moved from Virginia to Greene County, North Carolina, in 1782. He was one of three judges that President Washington appointed for the Southwest Territory in 1790 (Rothrock, French Broad–Holston Country, pp. 389–90). MESDA research file S-9460. Another desk-and-bookcase from this Winchester shop has lunetted inlay in the panels of its doors (MESDA research file S-13543).
28. With the exception of the fluted brackets (which are a standard architectural design), none of the details of the desk interior are found in The Builder’s Golden Rule, the only architectural book known to have been owned by Hope. The side facing of the right front foot is replaced, and the front facing of the left front foot has been altered. MESDA research file
S-23411 shows an East Tennessee desk that originally had similar feet.
29. This tall chest has been attributed to Hope based on its descent in his family. Although it is now owned by a Hope descendant, the chest was purchased, not inherited.
30. McAffry was twenty-six when he immigrated (Scott, comp., British Aliens, as cited in MESDA artisan files). McAffry was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Knox County militia in 1801. Creekmore, Early East Tennessee Taxpayers, p. 16. In 1784, Clopton took an apprentice to learn the “art of a carpenter and Joiner” (Frederick County Deed Book 20, October 5, 1784, p. 281). Clopton’s 1803 estate inventory included carpenters’ tools, “Goiners’ tools,” and a work bench (Inventory of George Clopton, Frederick County [Virginia] Will Book 7, September 1803, pp. 134–36). Wilson’s Knoxville Gazette, April 21, 1810. Williams and Harsh, Art and Mystery of Tennessee Furniture, pp. 298, 301.
31. Silas Emmett Lucas, Jr., and Ella Lee Sheffield, 35,000 Tennessee Marriage Records and Bonds, 1783–1870, 3 vols. (Easley, S.C.: Southern Historical Press, 1981), 1:147.
32. Creekmore, Early East Tennessee Taxpayers, p. 19. 1820 Manufacturers’ Census. The account of the sale of his estate also listed a glue pot (Inventory of Moses Crawford, Knox County Wills and Inventories, April 1820, bk. 1, pp. 178–84). Creekmore, Early East Tennessee Taxpayers, p. 75.
33. Inventory of Henry Baker, Knox County Wills and Inventories, October 1802, bk. 1, p. 106. Account of the Sale of the Estate Sale of Henry Baker, Knox County Wills and Inventories, January 1803, bk. 1, pp. 108–12. Williams and Harsh, Art and Mystery of Tennessee Furniture, p. 287. Creekmore, Early East Tennessee Taxpayers, p. 38. The inventory of William Baker lists chisels, gouges, hammers, files, a rasp, an iron square, and “1 sett of mountains,” but does not list a work bench, or a glue pot, or any planes (Knox County Wills and Inventories, July 1804, bk. 1, pp. 150–51). Similarly, the inventory of Jacob Neff includes a variety of planes, some chisels, gouges, and gimlets, irons for a turning bench, and a pair of hinges for a cupboard (Knox County Wills and Inventories, January 1805, bk. 1, p. 164).
34. See Gusler, “Arts of Shenandoah County,” pp. 15–35.
35. Ramsey, Annals of Tennessee, pp. 110, 334–35, 433, 541–42, 558. Richard Harrison Doughty, Greeneville: One Hundred Year Portrait, 1775–1875 (Greeneville, Tenn.: by the author, 1975), pp. 4–5, 11–13. Michaux, Travels, p. 280.
36. Furniture attributed to John Gillespie of Sumner County, Tennessee, has Delaware Valley details, and it resembles work attributed to North Carolina cabinetmaker James Gheen (see note 15 above). Henry Glassie, Patterns in the Material Folk Culture of the Eastern United States (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1968), pp. 234–35. Glassie underestimates the Pennsylvania influence in North Carolina (see Robert W. Ramsey, Carolina Cradle: Settlement of the Northwest Carolina Frontier, 1747–1762 [Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1964], pp. 23–51, 117–29, 138–51).
37. Remini, Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire, pp. 1–36. Clements, A Past Remembered, pp. 222–28. Richard Carlton Fulcher, comp., 1770–1790 Census of the Cumberland Settlements (Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc, 1987), p. 29.
38. Walter T. Durham, James Winchester, Tennessee Pioneer (Gallatin, Tenn.: Sumner County Library Board, 1979), pp. 1–12. Michaux stated that carpenters from Baltimore had assisted in the building of Cragfont (Michaux, Travels, p. 254). For Moses Morrish’s apprenticeship to Winchester, see Sumner County Court Minutes, bk. 1, p. 346. The furniture attributed to Winchester is illustrated in Williams and Harsh, Art and Mystery of Tennessee Furniture, pls. 9 and 15 and figs. 73, 125, and 129.
39. Jay Guy Cisco, Historic Sumner County, Tennessee (1909; reprint ed., Nashville, Tenn.: Charles Elder Bookseller, 1971), pp. 296–98. Rather than return to Philadelphia, the Hansborough brothers settled in Logan County, Kentucky, north of Sumner County. The tools purchased by Peter Hansborough at the estate sale of his brother in 1818 indicate that the two continued to do house joinery and possibly make furniture (Account of the Estate Sale of Smith Hansborough, Logan County, Kentucky Wills and Inventories, August 1818, bk. B, pp. 140–41). Patrick, Architecture in Tennesse, p. 18. Williams and Harsh, Art and Mystery of Tennessee Furniture, p. 109. This secretary is illustrated in ibid., fig. 72.
40. Rothrock, French Broad–Holston Country, pp. 389–90. |