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Figure 1 Charles Kimmel, The End of the Rebellion in the United States, New York, 1865. Lithograph printed in black and green olive on woven paper. (Courtesy, Library of Congress.)

Figure 2 The Rail Candidate, attributed to Louis Maurer and published by Currier & Ives, New York, 1860. Lithograph on woven paper. (Courtesy, Library of Congerss.)

Figure 3 David Hunter Strother, The Horse Camp in Dismal Swamp, North Carolina, 1865. Ink wash on beige paper. (Private collection; photo, Andre Lovinescu.)

Figure 4 Cupboard, Amherst County, Virginia, 1760–1840. Oak. H. 66 1/4", W. 25 1/2", D. 11 1/4". (Courtesy, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation; photo, Hans Lorenz.)

Figure 5 Side chair, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 1725–1740. Maple. H. 40 1/2", W. 18", D. 18". (Private collection; photo, Douglas Armsden.)

Figure 6 Benjamin Bucktrout, Masonic master’s chair, Williamsburg, Virginia, 1766–1777. Mahogany with walnut; painted and gilded ornament, original leather. H. 65 1/2", W. 31 1/4", D. 29 1/2". (Courtesy, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation; photo, Hans Lorenz.)

Figure 7 Francis Blackwell Mayer, Independence, Squire Jack Porter, Frostburg, Maryland, 1858.
Oil on millboard. (Courtesy, National Museum of Art.)

Figure 8 William Sidney Mount, Cider Making, Stony Brook, New York, 1841. Oil on canvas. (Courtesy, Metropolitan Museum of Art.)

Figure 9 Robert Brammer and Augustus A. Von Smith, Oakland House and Race Course, Louisville, Kentucky, 1840. Oil on canvas. (Courtesy,J. B. Speed Art Museum.)

Figure 10 Edward Lamson Henry, The Old Westover Mansion, Charles City County, Virginia, 1869. Oil on panel. (Courtesy, Corcoran Gallery of Art.)

Figure 11 Side table, northeastern North Carolina, 1780–1800. Walnut with yellow pine. H. 29", W. 37 1/4", D. 27". (Collection of the Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts.)

Figure 12 Advertisement by J. K. Beard of Richmond, Virginia, in Antiques 4, no. 4 (October 1923): 193.

Figure 13 G. Bridgman, America, London, ca. 1870. Colored lithograph on paper. (Courtesy, Amon Carter Museum.)

Figure 14 Clothespress, Williamsburg, Virginia, 1760–1770. Walnut with yellow pine. H. 56 5/8", W. 49 1/2", D. 23". (Courtesy, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation; photo, Hans Lorenz.)

Figure 15 Detail of the paneled back of the clothespress illustrated in fig. 14.

Figure 16 Chest of drawers, Boston, 1770–1780. Mahogany with white pine. H. 32 1/8", W. 35 3/4", D. 21". (Courtesy, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation; photo, Hans Lorenz.)

Figure 17 Detail of the interior construction of the chest illustrated in fig. 16.

Figure 18 Dressing table, Boston, 1735–1750.
Walnut, walnut veneer, and birch with white pine. H. 32 1/4", W. 33 3/8", D. 21 1/2". (Courtesy, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation; photo, Hans Lorenz.)

Figure 19 John Selden, clothespress, Norfolk, Virginia, 1775. Mahogany with yellow pine and mahogany. H. 74 1/4", W. 50 1/8", D. 23 3/4". (Private collection; photo, Hans Lorenz.)

Figure 20 Design for a clothespress on plate 129 in the third edition of Thomas Chippendale’s Gentleman and Cabinet-Maker’s Director (1762). (Courtesy, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.)

Figure 21 Alexander Spotswood Payne and his brother, John Dandridge Payne, with their Nurse, attributed to the Payne Limner, Goochland County, Virginia, 1790–1800. (Courtesy, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts; gift of Miss Dorothy Payne.)

Figure 22 Side chair attributed to Thomas Day, Milton, North Carolina, ca. 1850. Mahogany, walnut, rosewood, and mahogany veneer with tulip poplar. H. 35 1/2", W. 17 3/4", D. 16". (Courtesy, North Carolina Museum of History.)

Figure 23 Chest of drawers, probably Shenandoah County, Virginia, 1794. Walnut with yellow pine. H. 67 3/4", W. 41 1/4", D. 23". (Courtesy, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation; photo, Hans Lorenz.)