1. Charleston County, South Carolina, Inventories, A, 1783–1810, p. 142. For a genealogy of the Edwards family, see Mary Pringle Fenhagen, “John Edwards and Some of His Descendants,” South Carolina Historical Magazine 55, no. 1 (January 1954): 15–27. For more on the John Edwards house, see John Bivins, Jr., “Charleston Rococo Interiors, 1765–1775: The ‘Sommers’ Carver,” Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts 12, no. 2 (November 1986): 84–90. The library bookcase was bequeathed to the Charleston Museum in 1947 by Mrs. George S. H. Holmes in “memory of George S. Holmes 1849–1922 and his ancestors of the Holmes and Edwards families bequeathed to his wife Nellie Hotchkiss Holmes and by her given in trust to the Charleston Museum.” 2. Esther Singleton, The Furniture of Our Forefathers: Part II (New York: Doubleday, Page and Company, 1901), pp. 150–51. Homer Eaton Keyes, “The Present State of Early Furniture in Charleston, South Carolina,” Antiques 29, no. 1 (January 1936): 19. E. Milby Burton, “The Furniture of Charleston,” Antiques 61, no. 1 (January 1952): 38. John Bivins and Forsyth Alexander, The Regional Arts of the Early South: A Sampling from the Collection of the Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts (Winston-Salem, N.C.: Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts, 1991), p. 99. 3. Many of these details appear on furniture from Brunswick-Hanover by the 1720s. 4. St. John’s Lutheran Church Records, 1755–1787, pp. 82, 88, 52. E. Milby Burton, Charleston Furniture 1700–1825 (Charleston, S.C.: Charleston Museum, 1955), p. 118. 5. South Carolina Gazette, April 12, 1773; South Carolina Gazette and Country Journal, April 13, 1773. The bill is recorded in South Carolina Court of Common Pleas, Judgment Rolls, box 101A, no. 164A, November 17, 1774. 6. For the Shirley sale, see South Carolina and American General Gazette, June 10, 1771. Thomas Elfe Day Book 1768–1775, Charleston Library Society, account no. 63, February 12, 1772; account no. 131, November 14, 1772; and account no. 145, January 23, 1773. The Elfe Day Book is often erroneously described as an account book. For the Langford advertisement, see South Carolina Gazette, August 22, 1768. Inventory of the Goods and Chattels Left in the House of His Excellency The Right Honorable Lord William Campbell, Charlestown, South Carolina, T. 1/541, Public Record Office, London, transcribed as appendix 7 in Graham Hood, The Governor’s Palace in Williamsburg: A Cultural Study (Williamsburg, Va.: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1991), p. 308. 7. Elfe Day Book, account no. 63, May 8, 1772. The Elfe Day Book also records payment on a bond in the amount of £51 from “Martin Refinge” in October 1772. This was almost certainly a reference to Pfeninger (account no. 140). For an excellent analysis of the Elfe Day Book, see John Christian Kolbe, “Thomas Elfe, Eighteenth Century Charleston Cabinetmaker” (master’s thesis, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 1980). 8. German Friendly Society, Minutes, 1766–1787, South Caroliniana Library, Columbia, p. 244. Michael Kalteisen to Martin Pfeninger, Charleston County, South Carolina, Land Records, Misc., pt. 59, bk. W4, 1775–1778 (transcript), pp. 535–40. Gazette of the State of South Carolina, October 28, 1777, and South Carolina and American General Gazette, October 30, 1777. Royal Gazette, July 11, 1781. Rules of the German Friendly Society, p. 122, no. 87. Will of Martin Pfeninger, March 24, 1780, Charleston County, South Carolina, Wills, vol. 20, 1783–1786, p. 71. 9. According to Andrea Winter (author of Meisterstuecke der Braunschweiger Tischlergilde [1995]), there are lists of eighteenth-century Braunschweig masters but no list of apprentices. There is no one named Pfeninger on the list of masters. I am grateful to Dr. Winter for consulting her notes on this topic. An internet search of German telephone directories yielded 177 entries for the name “Pfenninger,” but the addresses are representative of all areas of modern Germany. As quoted in Warren B. Smith, White Servitude in Colonial South Carolina (Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 1961), pp. 51–52. George C. Rogers, Jr., Charleston in the Age of the Pinckneys (Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 1980), pp. 6–7. 10. For a history of Charleston’s German Friendly Society, see George J. Gongaware, The History of The German Friendly Society of Charleston, South Carolina (Richmond, Va.: Garrett & Massie, 1935). Michael Kalteisen, the founder of the German Friendly Society, was born in Machtolsheim in the Duchy of Wurtemburg in 1729. He arrived in South Carolina after 1743 and worked as an indentured servant for shoemaker John Clark of Ashley Ferry and for Dr. Frederick Holzendorff, surgeon at St. Philip’s Hospital in Charleston (Helene M. Kastinger Riley, Michael Kalteisen, Founder of the German Friendly Society [Greenville, S.C.: by the author, 1995], pp. 1–3). 11. For a discussion of German influences on eighteenth-century British furniture, see Helena Hayward and Sarah Medlam, “The Continental Context: Germany,” in John Channon and Brass Inlaid Furniture, 1730–1760, edited by Christopher Gilbert and Tessa Murdoch (New Haven, Conn. and London: Yale University Press, 1993), pp. 24–36. For British influence on German furniture, see Heinrich Kreisel and Georg Himmelheber, Die Kunst des deutschen Mobels, Spatbarock und Rokoko (Munchen, Germany: C. H. Beck, 1983). 12. Gilbert and Murdoch, eds., John Channon, pp. 21, 24–29. For more on the Moravian brotherhood and links between English and German craftsmen, see Lindsay Boynton, “The Moravian Brotherhood and the Migration of Furniture Makers in the Eighteenth Century,” Furniture History 29 (1993): 45–58. 13. Engraved and inlaid brass husks on British furniture are illustrated in Gilbert and Murdoch, eds., John Channon, pp. 80, 81, 111. 14. For illustrations of eighteenth-century case pieces from the Brunswick-Hanover region of Germany, see Wolfgang Schwarze, Antike Deutsche Mobel; Das Burgerliche und Rustikale Mobel in Deutschland von 1700–1840 (Wuppertal, Germany: by the author, 1977), pp. 62–71; and Kreisel and Himmelheber, Die Kunst des deutschen Mobels, figs. 882–86. 15. The Appleton secretary-and-bookcase is illustrated in Charles F. Montgomery, American Furniture: The Federal Period (New York: Viking Press, 1966), p. 222. The Langley Boardman chest is illustrated in Brock Jobe, ed., Portsmouth Furniture: Masterworks from the New Hampshire Seacoast (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1993), p. 65. Although Jobe suggests that the canted corner foot with inlaid stringing was probably introduced into Charleston by Portsmouth imports, the fully developed form was utilized in Charleston by the early 1770s. 16. The Alston library bookcase is illustrated and discussed in Gerald W. R. Ward, American Case Furniture in the Mabel Brady Garvan and Other Collections at Yale University (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Art Gallery, 1988), pp. 363–366.