1. For more on the Townsends and Goddards, see Jeanne Vibert Sloane, “John Cahoone and the Newport Furniture Industry,” in New England Furniture: Essays in Memory of Benno Forman, edited by Brock Jobe (Boston: Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities, 1987); Margaretta M. Lovell, “‘Such Furniture as Will Be Most Profitable’: The Business of Cabinetmaking in Eighteenth-Century Newport,” Winterthur Portfolio 26, no. 1 (Spring 1991): 52–56; and American Furniture, edited by Luke Beckerdite (Hanover, N. H.: University Press of New England for the Chipstone Foundation, 1999), passim. 2. Irving P. Lyon, “The Oak Furniture of Ipswich, Massachusetts, Part V,” Antiques 33, no. 2 (June 1938): 322–25; and Irving P. Lyon, “The Oak Furniture of Ipswich, Massachusetts, Part VI,” Antiques 34, no. 2 (August 1938): 79–81. Helen Park, “The Seventeenth-Century Furniture of Essex County and Its Makers,” Antiques 78, no. 4 (October 1960): 350–55. Benno M. Forman, “The Seventeenth-Century Case Furniture of Essex County, Massachusetts, and Its Makers” (M.A. thesis, University of Delaware, 1968), pp. 42–50. Robert F. Trent, “The Symonds Joinery Shops of Salem and Their Works,” The Peabody Museum of Salem Antiques Show (Salem, Mass.: Peabody Museum, 1981), pp. 33–36. New England Begins: The Seventeenth Century, edited by Jonathan L. Fairbanks and Robert F. Trent, 3 vols. (Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1982), 2: 279–80, 288–89, nos. 274, 285, and 3: 526–28, nos. 484, 485. Robert F. Trent, “The Symonds Shops of Essex County, Massachusetts,” The American Craftsman and the European Tradition, 1620–1820 (Minneapolis, Minn.: Minneapolis Institute of Arts, 1989), pp. 23–41. 3. Althought the initials “TH” were thought to have referred to a Thomas Hart residing in Ipswich, Benno Forman discovered that the twentieth-century owner of the cabinet, Eben Parsons, was a direct descendant of Samuel Hart (d. 1731), brother of Thomas Hart of Lynnfield. Forman, “The Seventeenth-Century Case Furniture of Essex County,” pp. 111–13. Winterthur Museum object files 58.526 and 57.540, Winterthur, Delaware. Trent, “The Symonds Shops of Essex County,” pp. 34–35. Christie’s, The Joseph and Bathsheba Pope Valuables Cabinet, New York, January 21, 2000. 4. Because members of the Trask and Osborne families intermarried in 1701 and 1785, it is impossible to determine the chests’ lines of descent. The modern designations “Trask” chest (fig.5) and “Osborne” chest (fig. 9) derive from the names of the last family owners—William Blake Trask and Lyman and Elizabeth Osborne. Forman, “The Seventeenth-Century Case Furniture of Essex County,” pp. 108–10. William Blake Trask, “Captain William Traske and Some of His Descendants,” Genealogical Register 55, (July 1901), pp. 321–38. Sidney Perley, The History of Salem, Massachusetts, 3 vols. (Salem, Mass.: By the author, 1924–1928), 1: 322. Sotheby’s, Important Americana, New York, January 24–27, 1990, lot 1243. Israel Sack, Inc., American Antiques from Israel Sack Collection, 10 vols. (Alexandria, Va.: Highland House, 1992), 10: 2544. The Trask chest (fig. 5) was first displayed at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, in 1870 and was on loan there from 1912 to as late as 1968. The chest sold at auction in 1990 and is now in the collection of Israel Sack, Inc. 5. Perley, History of Salem, 1: 323; Forman, “The Osborne Family Chest Re-Discovered,” Historical New Hampshire 26, no. 1 (Spring 1971): 27–30. Donated to the New Hampshire Historical Society as part of the Prentis collection in 1957, the Osborne chest was recently acquired by the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem. 6. Object file 58.525, Winterthur Museum. In the early twentieth century, the chest belonged to Emily G. Patch, Nathaniel and Rebecca (Conant) Raymond’s great-great-great-granddaughter. The note states that the chest was owned by “Mary Raymond’s mother” and delineates its descent. Genealogical research corroborates the history. Frederick Odell Conant, A History and Genealogy of the Conant Family (Portland, Me.: Privately printed, 1887), pp. 128–31; Samuel Raymond, comp., Genealogies of the Raymond Families of New England 1630 to 1886 (New York: J. J. Little & Co., 1886), p. 123. Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, “Furniture as Social History: Gender, Property, and Memory in the Decorative Arts,” in American Furniture, edited by Luke Beckerdite (Hanover, N. H.: University Press of New England for the Chipstone Foundation, 1993), pp. 53–66. 7. Harriet Putnam Fowler, “History of the Old Putnam Cupboard,” The Historical Collections of the Danvers Historical Society 36 (1948), pp. 53–58. Trent, “The Symonds Shops of Essex County,” p. 36. For the Putnam family genealogy, see Perley, History of Salem, 2: 109–11. Charred surfaces on the cupboard indicate that it was in a fire. Although Putnam family tradition maintains that the piece was rescued from a fire in the home of Deacon Benjamin Putnam, Harriet Putnam Fowler has shown that the younger John Putnam’s house caught fire in 1709 and raised the possibility that the cupboard descended in Miriam’s family. In 1895, Harriet Putnam Fowler donated the cupboard to the Essex Institute. Fowler, “History of the Old Putnam Cupboard,” p. 54. 8. For a thorough account of Quaker persecution in Salem, see Perley, History of Salem, 2: 242–75. 9. For a detailed description of Joshua Buffum’s defiance, see Owen A. Perkins, comp., Buffum Family, 2 vols. (Smithtown, N. Y.: Privately printed, 1985), 2: 7–11. Jonathan M. Chu, Neighbors, Friends or Madmen: The Puritan Adjustment to Quakerism in Seventeenth-Century Massachusetts Bay (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1985), pp. 125–75. Chu lists all of Salem’s known Quakers in the years in which they were fined, in an appendix on pages 169 and 170. Joseph Pope, Sr., received fines in 1658, 1662, and 1666 and Gertrude Pope received fines in 1658, 1660, 1661, 1662, 1663, 1664, 1665, 1666, and 1669. For more on the Pope family, see Henry Wheatland, “Notice of Some of the Descendants of Joseph Pope of Salem,” in Charles Henry Pope, A History of the Dorchester Pope Family 1634–1888 (Boston: By the author, 1888). For more on Peter Folger, see Florence Bennett Anderson, A Grandfather for Benjamin Franklin: The True Story of a Nantucket Pioneer and His Mates (Boston: Meador Publishing Company, 1940). 10. The Pope and Buffum families intermarried extensively in the eighteenth century. Joseph Pope, Jr., and Joshua Buffum’s grandchildren Enos Pope (1721–1813) and Lydia Buffum (1726–1781) married in the Quaker meeting house in Salem in 1749. Their marriage certificate bears the signatures of members of the Southwick, Osborne, Gaskill, Boyce, and Needham families, all of whom were descendants of seventeenth-century Salem Quakers (Marriage certificate of Enos Pope and Lydia Buffum, Salem, 1749, Enos Pope Papers, Phillips Library [hereafter cited as PL], Salem, Massachusetts). 11. Joshua Buffum Account Book, 1672–1705, PL, p. 14 and end leaves; Perkins, Buffum Family, 2: 15. Joseph Pope, Jr.’s, son Nathaniel (1679–1711) owned land bordering Joshua Buffum’s property and was a witness to his will in 1705. 12. Ralph M. Buffington, The Buffington Family in America (Houston, Tx.: Clara Dunagan Rhame, et al., 1965), pp. 293a–98. About 1770, Benjamin and Hannah Buffington moved to the Quaker community of Swansea, Massachusetts, where their descendants remained members of that faith until the mid-nineteenth century. Encyclopedia of Massachusetts: Biographical-Genealogical (New York: American Historical Society, 1917), pp. 338–39. Thomas and Sarah Buffington’s grandson James Buffington (1707–1773) attended the Quaker wedding of Enos and Lydia (Buffum) Pope (marriage certificate of Enos Pope and Lydia Buffum). 13. Chu, Neighbors, Friends or Madmen, appendix 1, pp. 169–70. William Osborne and Hannah Burton were married in 1672. Perley, History of Salem, 2:246. 14. Trask, “Captain William Traske and Some of His Descendants,” pp. 321–38. Quakers John Hill and Joseph Boyce witnessed the will of William Trask’s father. Chu, Neighbors, Friends or Madmen, appendix 1, pp. 169–70. 15. Joshua Buffum Account Book, pp. 50, 54–57, 118. Almost identical to the Trask and Osborne examples, the Dodge family chest bearing the initials and date “MT/1701” (fig. 8) could be another example of Symonds shop furniture belonging to this sphere of patronage. If the date corresponds to a marriage, it is possible the chest was made for Mary Kitchin who married John Turner in that year. She is the only individual recorded in Salem whose initials and date of marriage correspond to those on the chest and her uncle and aunt, John and Elizabeth Kitchin, were Quakers. The Dodge chest is now in the collections of the Concord Museum. See David F. Wood, ed., The Concord Museum: Decorative Arts from a New England Collection (Concord, Mass.: Concord Museum, 1996), pp. 6–7, cat. 3; and Chu, Neighbors, Friends or Madmen, appendix 1, pp. 169–70. 16. Joshua Buffum Account Book, passim. Caleb Buffum, “An Account of the Buffum Family by Caleb Buffum Written in 1856, Re-written in 1875,” Buffum Family Papers, PL, p. 7. Walter Goodwin Davis, Massachusetts and Maine Families in the Ancestry of Walter Goodwin Davis, 3 vols. (Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing, 1996), 3: 399. Walter N. Buffum, “Notes Relating to Robert Buffum and His Children,” Buffum Family Papers, PL. Sidney Perley, “Northfields, Salem, in 1700,” Essex Institute Historical Collections 49 (1913), pp. 356–67; map, William W. K. Freeman, comp., “Part of Salem in 1700 from the Researches of Sidney Perley” (Salem, Mass.: James Duncan Phillips, 1933). 17. For Roger Conant’s petition, see Raymond, comp., Genealogies of the Raymond Families, pp. 116–17. Cousins of Ephraim and Mary Herrick and Nathaniel and Rebecca Raymond also intermarried. Rebecca’s uncle Exercise Conant was an appraiser of Ephraim Herrick’s estate and an overseer of his will, as was William Raymond, Nathaniel’s uncle. Will and Inventory of Ephraim Herrick, October 9, 1693, Essex County Probate Records (hereafter cited as ECPR), no. 13124, Massachusetts State Archives, Boston. 18. Perley, History of Salem, 1: 90–91, fn. 5; 2: 256, 267–69. Richard P. Hallowell, Quaker Invasion of Massachusetts (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, and Co., 1883), pp. 40, 191–93. 19. Chu, Neighbors, Friends or Madmen, pp. 128, 145–46, fn. 12. 20. As only about 25 percent of estates were probated and the average sum of £330 refers only to probated estates, the actual average value would have been considerably lower (ibid.). For a complete list of the 1683 tax, see Perley, History of Salem, 3: 419–22. Will and Inventory of Ephraim Herrick; Will and Inventory of Nathaniel Raymond, January 29, 1750, ECPR, no. 23277; Will and Inventory of Sarah Hart, June 25, 1733, ECPR, no. 12601. 21. Benno M. Forman, “The Chest of Drawers in America, 1635–1730: The Origins of the Joined Chest of Drawers,” Winterthur Portfolio 20, no. 1 (Spring 1985), pp. 1–30. Trent, “The Symonds Shops of Essex County,” pp. 27–28. For chests of drawers attributed to the Symonds shops, see Lyon, “The Oak Furniture of Ipswich, Massachusetts, Part VI,” pp. 80–81, figs. 56–59; Richard H. Randall, Jr., American Furniture in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (Boston: By the museum, 1965), pp. 30–33, cat. 25; and Trent, “The Symonds Shops of Essex County,” p. 38.