Footnotes

1. The following constitute some of the recent historical studies regarding the New York Dutch: Eric Nooter and Patricia U. Bonomi, Colonial Dutch Studies (New York: New York University Press, 1971); Patricia U. Bonomi, A Factious People: Politics and Society in Colonial New York (New York: New York University Press, 1971); "New Netherland Studies: An Inventory of Current Research and Approaches," Tijdschrift van de Koniklijke Nederlandse Oudheidkundige Bond 84, nos. 2-3 (June 1985); A Beautiful and Fruitful Place: Selected Rensselaerswijck Seminar Papers, edited by Nancy Anne McClure Zeller (Albany: New Netherland Project, 1991); James Thomas Flexner, Mohawk Baronet: A Biography of Sir William Johnson (1959; reprint, Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1979); Cynthia A. Kierner, Traders and Gentlefolk: The Livingstons of New York, 1675-1790 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1992); Cathy Matson, Merchants and Empire: Trading in Colonial New York (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998); Alice P. Kenney, The Gansevoorts of Albany: Dutch Patricians in the Upper Hudson Valley (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1969); Oliver A. Rink, Holland on the Hudson: An Economic and Social History of Dutch New York (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1986); S. B. Kim, Landlord and Tenant in Colonial New York: Manorial Society, 1664-1775 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1978); R. C. Ritchie, The Duke's Province: A Study of New York Politics and Society, 1664-1691 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1977); Joyce Goodfriend, Before the Melting Pot: Society and Culture in Colonial New York City, 1664-1730 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992); Gavin K. Watt, Rebellion in the Mohawk Valley: The St. Leger Expedition of 1777 (Toronto: Dundurn Group, 2002); Timothy J. Shannon, Indians and Colonists at the Crossroads of Empire: The Albany Congress of 1754 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2000); The Impact of New Netherlands upon the Colonial Long Island Basin, edited by Joshua W. Lane (New Haven: Yale-Smithsonian Seminar on Material Culture, 1990); Janny Venema, Beverwijck: A Dutch Village on the American Frontier, 1652-1664 (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003); Thomas E. Burke Jr., Mohawk Frontier: The Dutch Community of Schenectady, New York, 1661-1710 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991); Donna Merwick, Death of a Notary: Conquest and Change in Colonial New York (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1999); Russell Shorto, The Island at the Center of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony That Shaped America (New York: Doubleday, 2004); People, Places, and Material Things: Historical Archeology of Albany, New York, edited by Charles L. Fisher (Albany: University of the State of New York, 2003); David E. Narrett, Inheritance and Family Life in Colonial New York City (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1992). Major publications about the Iroquois include Daniel K. Richter, The Ordeal of the Longhouse: The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992); A. W. Trelease, Indian Affairs in Colonial New York: The Seventeenth Century (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1964); Thomas Elliott Norton, The Fur Trade in Colonial New York, 1686-1776 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1974); William N. Fenton, The Great Law and the Longhouse (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998); Evan Haefeli and Kevin Sweeney, Captors and Captives: The 1704 French and Indian Raid on Deerfield (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2003); Theodore G. Corbett, A Clash of Cultures on the Warpath of Nations: The Colonial Wars in the Hudson-Champlain Valley (Fleischmanns, N.Y.: Purple Mountain Press, 2002). Architecture studies that are pertinent are John Fitchen, The New World Dutch Barn (1968; reprint, Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2001); Vincent J. Schaefer, Dutch Barns of New York: An Introduction (Fleischmanns, N.Y.: Purple Mountain Press, 1994); Kevin L. Stayton, Dutch by Design (New York: Brooklyn Museum, 1990); Shirley W. Dunn and Allison P. Bennett, Dutch Architecture near Albany: The Polgreen Photographs (Fleischmanns, N.Y.: Purple Mountain Press, 1996); C. W. Zinc, "Dutch Frame Houses in New York and New Jersey" (M.A. thesis, Columbia University, 1985); Harrison Frederick Meeske, The Hudson Valley Dutch and Their Houses (Fleischmanns, N.Y.: Purple Mountain Press, 2001); David Steven Cohen, The Dutch-American Farm (New York: New York University Press, 1992); Roderic Blackburn, Dutch Colonial Homes in America (New York: Rizzoli, 2002); Robin L. Michel, "An Architectural History of the Coeymans House in Coeymans, New York" (M.A. thesis, State University of New York College, Oneonta, 1974). Important furniture publications include Patricia Chapin O'Donnell, "Grisaille Decorated Kasten of New York," Antiques 117, no. 5 (May 1980): 1108-11; Roderic Blackburn, "Branded and Stamped New York Furniture," Antiques 119, no. 5 (May 1981): 1130-45; Peter M. Kenny, "A Study of the Eighteenth-Century American Grote Kast in Ulster County, New York" (M.A. thesis, Cooperstown Graduate Program, 1984); Mary Antoine de Julio, "New York German Painted Chests," Antiques 127, no. 5 (May 1985): 1156-65; Roderic Blackburn and Ruth Piwonka, Remembrance of Patria: Dutch Arts and Culture in Colonial America, 1609-1776 (Albany: Albany Institute of History & Art, 1988); Peter M. Kenny, Frances Gruber Safford, and Gilbert T. Vincent, American Kasten: The Dutch-Style Cupboards of New York and New Jersey, 1650-1800 (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1991); Ona Curran, Mynderse, 1690-1990 (Schenectady, N.Y.: Schenectady Museum and Planetarium, 1993); Peter M. Kenny, "Flat Gates, Draw Bars, Twists, and Urns: New York's Distinctive, Early Baroque Oval Tables with Falling Leaves," in American Furniture, edited by Luke Beckerdite (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England for the Chipstone Foundation, 1994), pp. 107-36; Neil D. Kamil, "Hidden in Plain Sight: Disappearance and Material Life in Colonial New York," in American Furniture, edited by Luke Beckerdite (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England for the Chipstone Foundation, 1995), pp. 191-250; Erik Gronning, "Early New York Turned Chairs: A Stoelendraaier's Conceit," American Furniture, edited by Luke Beckerdite (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England for the Chipstone Foundation, 2001), pp. 88-119; Peter M. Kenny, "Two Early Eighteenth-Century Schranke: Rare Survivals of the German Joiner's Art in the Hudson River Valley," in American Furniture, edited by Luke Beckerdite (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England for the Chipstone Foundation, 2001), pp. 220-42; and Albany Institute of History & Art: 200 Years of Collecting, edited by Tammis K. Groft and Mary Alice Mackay (Albany: Albany Institute of History and Art, 1998).
2. The Glen-Sanders Collection (Williamsburg, Va.: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1964). Related objects are illustrated in Roderic Blackburn, Cherry Hill: The History and Collections of a Van Rensselaer Family (Albany: Historic Cherry Hill, 1976); and John L. Scherer, New York Furniture at the New York State Museum (Albany: New York State Museum, 1983).
3. Edward R. Cook and William J. Callahan, "Dendrochronological Analyses of the Glen-Sanders Mansion, Scotia/Glenville, New York, and David DeFreest House, North Greenbush, New York," manuscript, 2004, Chipstone Foundation, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. This research was funded by the Chipstone Foundation and conducted under the supervision of Walter Richard Wheeler of Hartgen Archeological Associates in Rensselaer, New York.
4. Jonathan Pearson, A History of the Schenectady Patent in the Dutch and English Times (Albany: Joel Munsell's Sons, 1883), pp. 113-20; George S. Roberts, Old Schenectady (Schenectady, N.Y.: Robson & Adee, n.d.), pp. 155-70; Venema, Beverwijck, pp. 263-271; Burke, Mohawk Frontier, pp. 118, 187, 190.
5. Jet Pijzel-Dommise, Het Hollandse Pronkpoppenhuis Interieur en Huishouden in de 17de en 18de Eeuw (Amsterdam: Waanders, 2000), pp. 185, 190.
6. The present half-gambrel roof on the southern side of the building features steep lower rafters that form the lower slope of the roof. The steep rafters support one end of long collar beams that, in turn, support the shallow rafters that form the upper slope of the half-gambrel. The collar beams, however, also extend far beyond empty mortise pockets on the underside of the collars that indicate the former location of a set of northern steep rafters that extended down to the former rear wall plate of the single cell. The ends of the extended collars support the long northern rafters that cover the lean-to. While the missing steep northern rafters obviously were intended to transfer the weight of the long rafters from the collar beams to the rear wall plate, at some point the family eliminated them to create more space in the attic. Short posts under the long rafters were installed atop the former rear wall plate of the single cell at that time, and they are visible behind a partition.
7. Earlier in the twentieth century, architectural historians distinguished between Dutch and English variants of the gambrel roof in America, but more recently gambrel roofs on American Dutch houses have been cited as evidence of English influence on Dutch colonial vernacular design. Much the same could be said of hip roofs. The present article departs from this blanket explanation by suggesting that gambrel and hip roofs became fashionable during the seventeenth century in the Netherlands and in England under strong French courtly influence, and their presence in eighteenth-century Dutch colonial buildings is an ambiguous index of nationality. The 1771 hip roof of the later east wing of the Glen-Sanders House is one of a number of such pre-Revolutionary roofs in the Albany area. Precedents for hip roofs can be found in the seventeenth-century West Indies Huys and the town hall in Amsterdam. See W. Kuyper, Dutch Classicist Architecture: A Survey of Dutch Architecture, Gardens, and Anglo-Dutch Architectural Relations from 1625 to 1700 (Delft: Delft University Press, 1980); Anthony Blunt, François Mansart and the Origins of French Classical Architecture (London: Warburg Institute, 1941), pp. 38-39; Anthony Blunt, Art and Architecture in France, 1500 to 1700 (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1954), p. 148; and Allan Braham and Peter Smith, François Mansart, 2 vols. (London: A. Zwemmer, 1973), 1: 7, 23, 162. For the Henry Whitfield House, see Norman M. Isham and Albert F. Brown, Early Connecticut Houses: An Historical and Architectural Survey (New Haven: Preston and Rounds Co., 1900), pp. 112-24. For Indian houses (wildenhuysje) in Beverwijck, see Venema, Beverwijck, pp. 78, 91-93.
8. Burke, Mohawk Frontier, pp. 105-6.
9. See ibid., pp. 157-95, for a discussion of how Reyer Schermerhorn of Schenectady headed up a pro-Leisler faction that not only monopolized political offices, but also seized control of the proprietorship that distributed lands within the town.
10. Kenny, "Flat Gates," p. 119, states that the variant of the New York oval leaf tables with two posts and flat board stretchers is English in derivation. Other examples of English and American staircases with many of the same attributes seen in the Albany-area examples indicate that their detailing is English in derivation, although the joinery is heavier and secured with large single pins in the Dutch manner. The draw-bar leaf supports are the only detail on the tables that appears to be an American innovation.
11. For a Virginia or North Carolina oval leaf table with "draw gate" leaf supports that pull out from a track under the table frame at ninety degrees, see David L. Barquist, American Tables and Looking Glasses in the Mabel Brady Garvan and Other Collections at Yale University (New Haven: Yale University Art Gallery, 1992), pp. 122-24. Two Virginia breakfast tables with oval leaf tables and cabriole legs also have this feature (research files of the Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts, Winston-Salem, N.C.).
12. For an HABS cross section of the Bries House showing the enclosed second flight of stairs, see Dunn and Bennett, Dutch Architecture, p. 19.
13. For a grisaille-painted nailed-board kast with a great Roman ovolo cornice (Metropolitan Museum of Art) see Kenny, Safford, and Vincent, American Kasten, pp. 44-45. Two others are included in O'Donnell, "Grisaille Decorated Kasten," figs. 5, 6. For an additional plain board kast with grisaille decoration, see Blackburn and Piwonka, Remembrance of Patria, p. 270. For Dutch examples of board kasten with cornices nailed across the front face, i.e., without returns on the sides, see Jaap Schipper, "Vruchtentrossen in Grisaille: Beschilderde Kasten in Nieuw Nederland en Nederland," Antiek 30, no. 3 (October 1995): 98-110.
14. For other variations on the Dutch door, see Meeske, The Hudson Valley Dutch and Their Houses, pp. 258-60. For the chests with applied decoration, see Blackburn and Piwonka, Remembrance of Patria, pp. 178-79; and Dean F. Failey, Long Island Is My Nation: The Decorative Arts and Craftsmen, 1640-1830 (1976; reprint and enlarged, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Society for the Preservation of Long Island Antiquities, 1998), pp. 9-16.
15. S. V. Talcott, Genealogical Notes of New York and New England Families (Albany: Weed, Parsons & Co., 1883), pp. 292-304; Marian Kassak and Joseph Kassak, comps., Descendants of Mathys Coenratsen Hooghteeling (Decorah, Iowa: The Anundsen Publishing Co., n.d.), passim; Helen Wilkinson Reynolds, Dutch Houses in the Hudson Valley before 1776 (New York: Payson and Clarke, 1929), pp. 71-74; E. B. O'Callaghan, History of New Netherland; or, New York under the Dutch, 2 vols. (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1846), 1: 435-36; Joel Munsell, Collections on the History of Albany: From Its Discovery to the Present Time, 4 vols. (Albany: J. Munsell, 1865-1871), 4: 109; Cuyler Reynolds, Hudson-Mohawk Genealogical and Family Memoir, 4 vols. (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1911), passim. A reconstruction of other possible sources in the ancestry of this family includes progenitors from New York City, Coxsackie, and Albany. None is particularly compelling as potential sources for the kast, and it is of interest that earlier genealogists emphasized the Coeymans connection as a particular point of pride.
16. A number of late-eighteenth-century kasten from northern New Jersey also have drawers constructed like those of the PVBH kast. See Joyce Geary Volk, "The Dutch Kast and the American Kas: A Structural/Historical Analysis," in New World Dutch Studies: Dutch Arts and Culture in Colonial America, edited by Roderic H. Blackburn and Nancy A. Kelley (Albany: Albany Institute of History & Art, 1987), pp. 107-17.
17. For more on the pitched plank technique, see Robert Riddell, The New Elements of Hand-Railing (Philadelphia: Claxton, Remsen, & Hasselfinger, 1871).
18. For the line of descent of the first Glen-Sanders kast, see Kenny, Safford, and Vincent, American Kasten, pp. 16-18, 46-47; and Curran, Mynderse, 1690-1990, p. 3.
19. Three other houses have interior door frames with molded overdoors like those in the Bronck House: the David Pieter Winne and Pieter Winne Houses in Bethlehem, Albany County, and the Teunise Slingerland House in Feura Bush, Albany County. These houses are about halfway between Albany and Coxsackie and seem to be by a related group of carpenters. The authors thank Peter M. Kenny for this information.
20. Kenny, Safford, and Vincent, American Kasten, p. 47; Blackburn, Dutch Colonial Homes, p. 85; Blackburn and Piwonka, Remembrance of Patria, p. 131; Ruth Piwonka, "New York Colonial Inventories: Dutch Interiors as a Measure of Cultural Change," in New World Dutch Studies, ed. Blackburn and Kelley, p. 73.
21. O'Donnell, "Grisaille Decorated Kasten," pp. 1108-11; Schipper, "Vruchtentrossen in Grisaille," pp. 98-110; Kenny, Safford, and Vincent, American Kasten, pp. 44-45; Blackburn and Piwonka, Remembrance of Patria, pp. 257-71; Firth Haring Fabend, "Two ‘New' Eighteenth-Century Grisaille Kasten," The Clarion, spring/summer 1981, pp. 45-49.
22. Leigh Keno, Joan Barzilay, and Alan Miller, "The Very Pink of the Mode: Boston Georgian Chairs, Their Export, and Their Influence," in American Furniture, edited by Luke Beckerdite (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England for the Chipstone Foundation, 1996), pp. 267-306. See David Arthur Armour, The Merchants of Albany, New York, 1686-1760 (New York: Garland Publishing, 1986), p. 179, for a reference to Albany merchants purchasing new-fashioned chairs and a japanned high chest of drawers via Jacob Wendell of Boston.
23. The possibility that these kasten are Albany products qualifies attributions made by Peter M. Kenny who thought each was made in its respective owner's town (Kenny, "A Study of the Eighteenth-Century American Grote Kast," pp. 30-38; and Kenny, Safford, and Vincent, American Kasten, pp. 23-26). Two period rooms from the Johannes Hardenberg House near Roundout Creek in Kerhonkson, Ulster County, are installed in the Winterthur Museum.
24. For Germanic furniture made in New York, see de Julio, "New York German Painted Chests"; and Kenny, "Two Early Eighteenth-Century Schranke."
25. For a summary of the Albany painting tradition, see Blackburn and Piwonka, Remembrance of Patria, pp. 209-56. For the Ten Eyck silversmiths, see Norman S. Rice, Albany Silver, 1652-1825 (Albany: Albany Institute of History & Art, 1964), pp. 3-5, 16-22, 67-69.
26. The Beekman kast may have descended from the patriarch Wilhelmus Beekman (1623-1707). Lauren L. Bresnan suggested that it may have come into the Beekman family when James Beekman (1732-1807) of the fourth generation married Jane Keteltas (1734-1817) in 1752; however, no documentation has been published to substantiate this theory and any resemblance between the Beekman kast and the Ketaltas kast is purely generic. See Philip L. White, The Beekmans of New York in Politics and Commerce, 1647-1877 (Baltimore: Waverly Press, 1956); Philip L. White, ed., The Beekman Mercantile Papers, 1746-1799 (New York: New-York Historical Society, 1956); William B. Aitken, Distinguished Families in America Descended from Wilhelmus Beekman and Jan Thomasse Van Dyke (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1912); Lauren L. Bresnan, "The Beekmans of New York: Material Possession and Social Progression" (M.A. thesis, University of Delaware, 1996).
27. Heinrich Kriesel, Die Kunst des Deutschen Möbels: Von den Anfangen bis zum Hochbarock, vol. 1 (Munich: Verlag C. H. Beck, 1968), pp. 214-45.
28. Benno M. Forman, "The Chest of Drawers in America, 1635-1730: The Origins of the Joined Chest of Drawers," Winterthur Portfolio 20, no. 1 (spring 1985): 1-30; Robert F. Trent, "The Chest of Drawers in America, 1635-1730: A Postscript," Winterthur Portfolio 20, no. 1 (spring 1985): 31-48; Robert A. Leath, "Dutch Trade and Its Influence on Seventeenth-Century Chesapeake Furniture," in American Furniture, edited by Luke Beckerdite (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England for the Chipstone Foundation, 1997), pp. 28-33; Gerald W. R. Ward, American Case Furniture in the Mabel Brady Garvan and Other Collections at Yale University (New Haven: Yale University Art Gallery, 1988), pp. 389-90; Connecticut Masters: The Fine Arts and Antiques Collections of the Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company (Hartford, Conn.: By the Company, 1991), p. 206.