1. The Selected Letters of Josiah Wedgwood, edited by Anne Finer and George Savage (London: Cory, Adams, and Mackay, 1965), p. 311; Robin Reilly, Josiah Wedgwood 1730–1795 (London: Macmillan, 1992) p. 287. 2. Reilly, Wedgwood, p. 286. 3. Thomas Clarkson, The History of the Rise, Progress, and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave-Trade by the British Parliament (1808; reprint, London: Frank Cass & Co., 1968), p. 192. 4. David Dabydeen, Hogarth’s Blacks: Images of Blacks in Eighteenth-Century English Art (Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press, 1987), pp. 21–26. See also Hugh Honour, The Image of the Black in Western Art, vol. 4, From the American Revolution to World War I, part 1, Slaves and Liberators (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989). 5. Dabydeen, Hogarth’s Blacks, p. 18. 6. Ibid. 7. Ambrose Heal, The Signboards of Old London Shops: A Review of the Shop Signs employed by the London Tradesmen during the XVIIth and XVIIIth Centuries (New York: Benjamin Blom, Inc., 1972), pp. 21–22. Jacob Larwood and John C. Hotten, The History of Signboards, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day, 6th ed. (London: John C. Hotten, n.d.), p. 432. Preface dated June 1866. 8. Phillip Lapansky, “Graphic Discord: Abolitionist and Antiabolitionist Images” in The Abolitionist Sisterhood: Women’s Political Culture in Antebellum America, edited by Jean Fagan Yellin and John C. Van Horne (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994), p. 216. 9. Winthrop D. Jordan, The White Man’s Burden: Historical Origins of Racism in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), pp. 142–43; Betty Fladeland, Men and Brothers: Anglo-American Antislavery Cooperation (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972), p. 13. 10. Clarkson, Abolition of the African Slave-Trade, pp. 190–91. 11. William Fox, An Address to the People; Correspondence of Josiah Wedgwood 1781–1794 (Didsbury, Manchester, Eng.: E. J. Morten Ltd, 1906), 3: 183. 12. Ibid., p. 183. 13. Ibid., pp. 184, 186. 14. Clarkson, Abolition of the African Slave-Trade, pp. 349–50. 15. Quoted in Joseph C. and Owen Lovejoy, Memoir of the Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy (New York: Arno Press and The New York Times, 1969), p. 10. 16. James Walvin, England, Slaves and Freedom, 1776–1838 (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1986), pp. 165–66. A white earthenware plate is recorded featuring a blue transfer print of a black family celebrating, the flag of liberty waving in the background, all surrounded by the legend, “freedom first of august 1838.” 17. James Walvin, “British Abolitionism, 1787–1838” in Transatlantic Slavery: Against Human Dignity, edited by Anthony Tibbles (London: National Museums and Galleries on Merseyside, 1995), p. 91. 18. Ibid., p. 92. 19. John Pollock, William Wilberforce: A Man Who Changed His Times (Burke, Va.: The Trinity Forum, 1996), p. 16. 20. Quoted in Fladeland, Men and Brothers, p. 286. 21. Ibid., p. 25. 22. William W. Freehling, “The Founding Fathers and Slavery” in American Negro Slavery: A Modern Reader, edited by Allen Weinstein, Frank O. Gatell, and David Sarasohn (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), pp. 9–13. 23. David W. Blight, “The Martyrdom of Elijah P. Lovejoy,” American History Illustrated 12, no. 7 (1972): 21. 24. Ibid., pp. 21–22. 25. Quoted in Lovejoy, Memoir, p. 12. 26. Quoted in Henry Tanner, The Martyrdom of Lovejoy: An Account of the Life, Trials and Perils of Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy (1881; reprint, New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1971 ), p. 9. 27. Blight, “The Martyrdom of Elijah P. Lovejoy,” p. 27. 28. Marian Klamkin, American Patriotic and Political China (New York: Scribner’s Sons, 1973), pp. 102–4; Ellouise B. Larsen, American Historical Views on Staffordshire China (New York: Dover Publications, 1975), p. 242. 29. Walvin, England, Slaves and Freedom, p. 32. 30. Dabydeen, Hogarth’s Blacks, p. 119. 31. The Ideology of Slavery: Proslavery Thought in the Antebellum South, 1830–1860, edited by Drew Gilpin Faust (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981), pp. 10–12. 32. Josiah C. Nott, “Two Lectures on the Natural History of the Caucasian and Negro Races,” in Faust, ed., The Ideology of Slavery, pp. 232–33. 33. I Corinthians 7:20–21, 24. 34. Thornton Stringfellow in Faust, ed., The Ideology of Slavery, p. 136. 35. Noel Riley, Gifts for Good Children: The History of Children’s China, Part One 1790–1890 (Ilminster, Somerset, Eng.: Richard Dennis, 1991), pp. 244–45. 36. Ibid., pp. 252, 253. 37. Ezekiel 22:31. 38. Acts 7:7. 39. Tibbles, Transatlantic Slavery, p. 93, Wg. 180. 40. Clare Midgley, Women Against Slavery: The British Campaigns, 1780–1870 (London and New York: Routledge, 1992), p. 100. 41. Lapansky, “Graphic Discord,” pp. 205–6. 42. Russell Rulau, Standard Catalogue of United States Tokens 1700–1900, 2d ed. (Iola, Wisc.: Krause Publications, 1997), p. 91. 43. Midgley, Women Against Slavery, p. 20. 44. Ibid., pp. 20–24, 37, 94. 45. Lapansky, “Graphic Discord,” p. 206; Fladeland, Men and Brothers, pp. 227–28. 46. Lee Chambers-Schiller, “‘A Good Work among the People’: The Political Culture of the Boston Antislavery Fair” in Yellin and Van Horne, The Abolitionist Sisterhood, p. 20. 47. Mary Wollstonecraft in Midgley, Women Against Slavery, p. 26. 48. Fladeland, Men and Brothers, pp. 264–65; Midgley, Women Against Slavery, pp. 160–62. 49. Quoted from Art Union magazine, December 1846, in Geoffrey A. Godden, Ridgway Porcelains, 2d ed. (Woodbridge, Suffolk, Eng.: Antique Collectors’ Club, 1985), p. 164. 50. Music by George Linley, illustrated by J. Brandard; Stowe-Day Library, Harriet Beecher Stowe Center, Hartford, Conn. 51. Godden, Ridgway Porcelains, p. 160. 52. Lapansky, “Graphic Discord,” pp. 216–17. 53. Stanley Elkins, Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), p. 82. 54. Riley, Gifts for Good Children, p. 172. 55. C. Vann Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, 3d ed., rev. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), p. 7. 56. Lapansky, “Graphic Discord,” pp. 211–12.