Footnotes

1. Daniel L. Mouer, "Chesapeake Creoles: The Creation of Folk Culture in Colonial Virginia," in The Archaeology of Seventeenth Century Virginia, edited by Theodore J. Renhart and Dennis J. Pogue (Richmond:
2. Al Luckenbach, Providence 1649: The History and Archaeology of Anne Arundel County, Maryland's First European Settlement (Annapolis: Maryland State Archives; Crownsville: Maryland Historical Trust, 1995).
3. Al Luckenbach and C. Jane Cox, "Tobacco-Pipe Manufacturing in Early Maryland: The Swan Cove Site (ca. 1660-1669)," in The Clay Tobacco-Pipe in Anne Arundel County, Maryland (1650-1730), edited by Al Luckenbach, C. Jane Cox, and John Kille (Annapolis: Anne Arundel County Trust for Preservation, 2002) pp. 46-63.
4. Emanuel Drue Probate Inventory, 1670, p. 67, Maryland State Archives, Annapolis.
5. The author wishes to thank amateur archaeologist Bob Ogle for first reporting this site, and the Storck family for their kind permission to excavate and for their donation of artifacts.
6. Allan Peacey, personal communication, 2001.
7. David Gadsby, "Industrial Re-use of Domestic Ceramics at Swan Cove (18an934)," Maryland Archaeology (Archeological Society of Maryland)
8. Allan Peacey, "IV. The Development of the Clay Tobacco Pipe Kiln in the British Isles," in The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe, vol. 16, edited by Peter Davey, BAR British Series, 246 (Oxford: B.A.R.,
9. Ibid., pp. 37-39.
10. Ibid., p. 15.
11. Peacey, personal communication, October 2001.
12. Peacey, "Development of the Clay Tobacco Pipe Kiln," pp. 86-87.
13. A waterborne expedition including C. Jane Cox from the Lost Towns Project and Steven Bilicki from the Maryland Historical Trust made this discovery.
14. Shawn Sharpe, Al Luckenbach, and John Kille, "Burle's Town Land (ca. 1649-1676): A Marked Abundance of Pipes," in Clay Tobacco-Pipe , pp. 28-39.
15. Don Duco, personal communication, October 2001.
16. Ibid.
17. Cary Carson, Norman F. Barka, William M. Kelso, Garry W. Stone, and Dell Upton, "Impermanent Architecture in the Southern American Colonies," Winterthur Portfolio 16 (summer/autumn 1981): 135-96. See also Paul A. Shackel, "Town Plans and Everyday Material Culture: An Archaeology of Social Relations in Colonial Maryland's Capital Cities," in Historical Archaeology of the Chesapeake, edited by Paul A. Shackel and Barbara J. Little (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994), pp. 91-94.
18. Matthew C. Emerson, "Decorated Clay Pipes from the Chesapeake" (Ph.D. diss., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1988); Matthew C. Emerson, "Decorated Clay Pipes from the Chesapeake: An African Connection," in Historical Archaeology of the Chesapeake Bay, edited by Paul A. Shackel and Barbara J. Little (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994), pp. 45-46.
19. For examples, see Susan L. Henry, "Terra-cotta Pipes in 17th Century Maryland and Virginia: A Preliminary Study," Historical Archaeology 13 (1979): 14-38; Henry M. Miller, A Search for the "Citty of Saint Maries": Report on the 1981 Excavations in St. Mary's City, Maryland (St. Mary's City: St. Mary's City Commission, 1983), p. 84; Luckenbach, Providence 1649, p. 18; and Fraser Neiman and Julia King, "Who Smoked Chesapeake Pipes?" (paper presented at Society for Historical Archaeology Conference, Salt Lake City, 1999).
20. R. Westwood Winfree, "A Comment upon Indian Brown Clay Pipes," Quarterly Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Virginia 24 (1969): 79; Henry, "Terra-cotta Pipes," pp. 16-17; Miller, Search for the "Citty of Saint Maries," p. 84; Emerson, "Decorated Clay Pipes from the Chesapeake" (1988); Mouer, "Chesapeake Creoles," pp. 152-53; Emerson, "Decorated Clay Pipes from the Chesapeake" (1994), pp. 45-46; Neiman and King, "Who Smoked Chesapeake Pipes?"
21. Ann Markel and Tom Davidson, personal communications, December 2000; for reference to firing in home fireplaces, see Emerson, "Decorated Clay Pipes from Chesapeake" (1988), p. 36.
22. Emerson, "Decorated Clay Pipes from Chesapeake" (1994), pp. 44-45.
23. Henry, "Terra-cotta Pipes"; Neiman and King, "Who Smokes Chesapeake Pipes?"
24. Research being conducted by Taft Kiser and the author indicates that a pipemaker (called the "Bookbinder") from the Chesapeake Beach area of Virginia is the only other maker known to incorporate marbleized clays in the fashion Drue did. This similarity suggests Drue may have migrated from this region ca. 1650, when large numbers of Puritans moved from this part of Virginia to Providence, Maryland.
25. Mouer, "Chesapeake Creoles."