1. William C. Gates and Dana Ormerod, “The East Liverpool Pottery District: Identification of Manufacturers and Marks,” Historical Archaeology: Journal of the Society for Historical Archaeology 16, nos. 1–2 (1982), p. 3. 2. William B. McCord, History of Columbiana County, Ohio, and Representative Citizens (Chicago: Biographical Publishing Co., 1905), pp. 286–87. 3. Ibid., p. 287. 4. William C. Gates Jr., The City of Hills and Kilns (East Liverpool, Ohio: The East Liverpool Historical Society, 1984), pp. 10–11. 5. Ibid., p.11. The travel diary refers to the diary of Fortesque Cuming, who passed through the town in 1807. Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed., Early Western Travels, 1748–1846, 32 vols. (Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1904), vol. 4 (1807–9), Cuming’s Tour to the Western Country, by F. Cuming, p. 96. 6. Gates and Ormerod, “The East Liverpool Pottery District,” p. 3. 7. Gates, City of Hills and Kilns, pp. 12–13. 8. Ibid., p. 19. 9. Harold B. Barth, History of Columbiana County, Ohio (Topeka and Indianapolis: Historical Publishing Company, 1926), pp. 196–97. 10. Edwin Atlee Barber, Pottery and Porcelain of the United States: An Historical Review of American Ceramic Art with a New Introduction and Bibliography (Watkins Glen, N.Y.: Century House Americana, 1971), p. 192. 11. Ibid., p. 192; Loretta M. Riles, “James Bennett, Pioneer Potter 1812–1862” (unpublished manuscript, East Liverpool Museum of Ceramics, 1980), pp. 2–5. 12. Riles, “James Bennett, Pioneer Potter 1812–1862,” p. 1. 13. Ibid., pp. 5–6. 14. McCord, History of Columbiana County, Ohio and Representative Citizens, p. 150; Riles, “James Bennett, Pioneer Potter 1812–1862,” p. 7. 15. Gates and Ormerod, “The East Liverpool Pottery District,” p. 4. Bennett claimed in his later life that his was the first Rockingham ware in the United States, although the honor more likely goes to the Jersey City Pottery. John Ramsay, American Potters and Pottery (New York, N.Y.: Tudor Publishing Co., 1947), pp. 74–75. 16. McCord, History of Columbiana County, Ohio and Representative Citizens, pp. 150–51. 17. Ibid., p. 151. 18. Douglass C. North, The Economic Growth of the United States, 1790–1860 (New York and London: W.W. Norton and Company, 1966), pp. 202–4; Barth, History of Columbiana County, Ohio, p. 199. 19. Lura Woodside Watkins, Early New England Potters and Their Wares (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1950), p. 260. 20. Letter from Sarah Vodrey to John Vodrey, April 27 (private collection). The year is not given, but since John Vodrey died in May 1864 the letter probably was written in late 1863 or early 1864. 21. Burton Noble Gates, Boston Earthenware: Frederick Mear, Potter. Notes written for www.booklook.com/antref/ant25a.jpg (accessed May 1, 2004); John Gallo, Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Yellow Ware (Oneonta, N.Y.: J. Gallo, 1985), p. 32. 22. Barber, Pottery and Porcelain of the United States, p. 156. 23. Ibid. 24. W.A. Calhoun, “Early Clay Industries of the Upper Ohio Valley,” n.d., p. 36; manuscript on file at the Library of the Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio. 25. Barth, History of Columbiana County, Ohio, p. 199; Calhoun, “Early Clay Industries of the Upper Ohio Valley,” p. 37; Donna Juszczak, “The Legacy of the Mansion House” (manuscript on file at the East Liverpool Museum of Ceramics, n.d.), p. 1 ; East Liverpool Tribune, “Mansion and Union,” April 1, 1876, pp. 1–5. 26. Lucille T. Cox, “Early Inn Became Site of Local Potteries,” East Liverpool Review, October 27, 1938; “Mansion and Union,” East Liverpool Tribune, April 1, 1876, p. 1. 27. Cox, “Early Inn Became Site of Local Potteries.” 28. McCord, History of Columbiana County, Ohio and Representative Citizens, p. 151. 29. David Seekers, The Potteries (Merlins Bridge, Haverfordwest, England: C. I. Thomas and Son, 1981), p. 16. 30. Bernard Leach, A Potter’s Book (London: Faber and Faber Ltd., 1945), pp. 183–84. 31. “Mansion and Union,” April 1, 1876, p. 1. 32. Barber, Pottery and Porcelain of the United States, pp. 195–96. 33. McCord, History of Columbiana County, Ohio and Representative Citizens, p. 151. 34. Ramsay, American Potters and Pottery, pp. 31–52. 35. Gates, The City of Hills and Kilns, p. 40. 36. “Mansion and Union,” April 1, 1876, p. 2. 37. Cox, “Early Inn Became Site of Local Potteries.” 38. Calhoun, “Early Clay Industries of the Upper Ohio Valley,” p. 37. 39. “Mansion and Union,” April 1, 1876, p. 2. 40. Barth, History of Columbiana County, Ohio, p. 199; Calhoun, “Early Clay Industries of the Upper Ohio Valley,” p. 199; Cox, “Early Inn Became Site of Local Potteries.” 41. Barth, History of Columbiana County, Ohio, p. 199; Calhoun, “Early Clay Industries of the Upper Ohio Valley,” p. 37. 42. Gates and Ormerod, “The East Liverpool Pottery District,” p. 79. 43. Cox, “Early Inn Became Site of Local Potteries.” 44. Lucille T. Cox, “Talk of Depression, City Had Real One in ’54,” East Liverpool Review, March 6, 1939. 45. Ibid. Vouchers from the potteries were issued to pottery workers in lieu of wages. The pottery workers then cashed the vouchers at local stores for food and goods. The local store merchants accepted the pottery vouchers from the workers and in turn traveled to Pittsburgh where they stocked up on merchandise for their stores from wholesalers who accepted the pottery vouchers. The wholesalers then traveled to the potteries in East Liverpool where they cashed the vouchers for wares to wholesale in Pittsburgh. In this scenario, no cash transactions took place and still the workers got paid, the local stores and wholesalers made sales, and the potteries sustained their workforces in order to keep the market supplied with wares. 46. Gates and Ormerod, “The East Liverpool Pottery District,” p. 79. 47. “Mansion and Union,” April 1, 1876, p. 2. 48. Ibid. 49. Columbiana County Deed, Salt and Mear to Croxall and Cartwright, Deedbook 68, p. 230, on file at the Columbiana County Archives, Lisbon, Ohio. 50. Gates and Ormerod, “The East Liverpool Pottery District,” p. 38. 51. Ibid. 52. “Mansion and Union,” April 1, 1876, p. 5. 53. Ibid. 54. Croxall and Cartwright were rumored to have introduced the use of slate roofs for pottery buildings since slate was safer and could be had for the same price as wood. However, it cannot be confirmed that any of the buildings on the Mansion Pottery site had a slate roof, or that this building technique was reserved for the new buildings erected on their Union Pottery site located across Second Street. No slate was identified during the archaeological excavations at the Mansion Pottery, which suggests that it was not used there. 55. There were several East Liverpool potteries that produced doorknobs over the years: Godwin Pottery Company, from 1845 to 1849; Brunt Associations from 1850 to the 1930s; Harker Associations from 1848 to 1851; and Thomas China Company from 1873 to 1878. Gates and Ormerod, “The East Liverpool Pottery District,” pp. 18, 52, 79, 287. 56. GeoVrey A. Godden, British Pottery and Porcelain 1780–1850 (New York: A.S. Barnes and Company, 1939), pp. 43, 107. 57. Cox, “Early Inn Became Site of Local Potteries.” 58. Gates and Ormerod, “The East Liverpool Pottery District,” p. 38; Cox, “Early Inn Became Site of Local Potteries.”