1. Bradford L. Rauschenberg, “‘B. DuVal & Co/Richmond’: A Newly Discovered Pottery,” Journal of the Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts 4, no. 1 (May 1978), pp. 45–75.
2. Throughout Rauschenberg’s article the large jar is inexplicably referred to as a “jug.”
3. Virginia Gazette and General Advertiser, February 23, 1791, p. 3.
4. Virginia Argus, March 18, 1808, p. 3. Benjamin DuVal served as president of the Mutual Assurance Society and probably entered into the roofing tile manufacture as he saw the need for fireproof tiles. Rauschenberg, “B. DuVal & Co/Richmond,” p. 51.
5. The Enquirer (Richmond), August 9, 1811, p. 3.
6. Richmond’s first stoneware manufactory and among the earliest such operations in the entire South. The major exception is William Rogers’s ca. 1720 stoneware factory in Yorktown, Virginia. See Norman F. Barka, Edward Ayres, and Christine Sheridan, “The ‘Poor Potter’ of Yorktown: A Study of a Colonial Pottery Factory,” vol. 1: History, Yorktown Research Series no. 5 (Williamsburg, Va.: College of William & Mary, 1984); Norman F. Barka, “Archaeology of a Colonial Pottery Factory: The Kilns and Ceramics of the ‘Poor Potter’ of Yorktown,” Ceramics in America, edited by Robert Hunter (Hanover, N.H.:University Press of New England for the Chipstone Foundation, 2004), pp. 15–47.
7. Listed in the 1820 Census of Manufacturers, Henrico County, Virginia, are: “Thomas Amos, stoneware manufactory”; “Samuel Frayser, Stoneware manufactory &c.”; “John P. Schermerhorn, Stoneware of all kinds”; and “Samuel Wilson, stoneware of all kinds.” Also see Robert Hunter, Kurt C. Russ, and Marshall Goodman, “Eastern Virginia Stoneware,” Antiques 167, no. 4 (April 2005), pp. 126–33.
8. The site was recorded in the Virginia Department of Historic Resources files as 44HE592 on March 18, 1985.
9. The DuVal site was adjacent to several ca. 1850 warehouses that had served as Confederate hospitals during the Civil War. Relic hunters reported finding dozens of uniforms buttons on the property.
10. See www.archaeology.org/online/news/duval.html (accessed June 17, 2005).
11. Holly Clark, “The Past in Pottery,” Richmond Times-Dispatch, March 10, 2002, p. b1.
12. I am grateful for the efforts of the many volunteers who joined the eVort to recover material from the sites. Initial help was provided by Marshall Goodman and Larry Lindberg; individuals from several archaeological institutions and consulting firms volunteered their time, among them Jerry Blake, Michelle Brumfield, Robert Clarke, Jason Cline, Brad Duplantis, Harry Jaeger, John Kille, Brad McDonald, Melissa Money, John Mullin, Merry Outlaw, Tony Opperman, Joe Parfitt, Al Pfeffer, and Chris Stevenson. Special thanks to David Hazzard and Madison Washburn.
13. For a full account of this history, the reader is referred to Rauschenberg, “B. DuVal & Co/Richmond.”
14. Assisting in the washing and sorting of the material were Sally Greenbaum, Stan Greenbaum, Ruth Hunter, Bob Hunter, Julie Hunter, John Kille, and Merry Outlaw.
15. Richmond Enquirer, December 16, 1815, p. 3.
16. Virginia Department of Historic Resources, 2801 Kensington Avenue, Richmond, VA 23221 (www.dhr.virginia.gov/).
17. An advertisement noted the “Richmond Stone Ware Manufactory, at the sign of the Jug.” Richmond Enquirer, May 9, 1817, p. 3.
18. Harold Guilland, Early American Folk Pottery (Philadelphia, Pa.: Chilton Book Co., 1971).
19. See John E. Kille, “Distinguishing Marks and Flowering Designs: Baltimore’s Utilitarian Stoneware Industry,” Ceramics in America, edited by Robert Hunter (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England for the Chipstone Foundation, 2005), pp. 93–132.
20. Barka, “Archaeology of a Colonial Pottery Factory,” p. 32.
21. See Georgeanna H. Greer, American Stoneware: The Art & Craft of Utilitarian Potters, 3rd rev. ed. (Atglen, Pa.: SchiVer Publishing Ltd., 1999), p. 139.
22. Richmond Enquirer, May 9, 1817.
23. See Greer, American Stoneware, p. 139; Kurt C. Russ and W. Sterling Schermerhorn, “Rocketts’ Red Glare: John P. Schermerhorn and the Early Richmond Area Stoneware Industry,” Ceramics in America, edited by Robert Hunter (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England for the Chipstone Foundation, 2005), pp. 61–92. |