1. Native Baltimore clays provided exceptionally suitable material for the manufacture of stoneware. Clays from this area even supplied Alexandria potter B. C. Milburn; see Barbara H. Magid, “An Archaeological Perspective on Alexandria’s Pottery Tradition,” Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts 21, no. 2 (1995): 72.
2. Susan Myers’s landmark Handcraft to Industry (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1980) documents the effect of industrialization on the Philadelphia ceramics industry.
3. John N. Pearce, “Early Baltimore Potters and Their Wares, 1763–1850” (master’s thesis, University of Delaware, 1959).
4. Susan H. Myers, “Marketing American Pottery: Maulden Perine in Baltimore,” Winterthur Portfolio 19, no. 1 (spring 1984): 51–66.
5. Luke Zipp, “Henry Remmey & Son, Late of New York: A Rediscovery of a Master Potter’s Lost Years,” in Ceramics in America, edited by Robert Hunter (Hanover, N.H.: Chipstone Foundation in association with the University Press of New England, 2004), pp. 143–56.
6. Suzanne L. Sanders and Martha R. Williams, Archeological Mitigation of the J. S. Berry Brick Mill (18bc89) and Pawley Stoneware Kiln (18bc88), at the Proposed Ravens Stadium, Baltimore, Maryland (Frederick, Md.: R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, February 1998).
7. Ibid., p. 14.
8. This teapot was among an assemblage of dozens of redware and stoneware vessels that archaeologists with the National Park Service recovered from a burned, pre–Civil War site, possibly a store or a tavern, in City Point, Virginia, at the confluence of the James and Appomattox Rivers.
9. A stoneware milk pan incised “Morgan Maker Pitt Street Baltimore 1825” establishes that William H. Morgan used this maker’s mark as late as 1825. This vessel is illustrated in Carmen A. Guappone and Marie A. Guappone, America’s Cobalt Decorated Stoneware (McClellandtown, Pa.: Guappone Publishers, 1992), p. 92.
10. An identical map (#348w5) is in the collections of the Maryland State Archives, whose website states: “The source of this map has not yet been found. However, there was a W. Williams who was an engraver for the firm of S. A. Mitchell, prominent atlas publisher of the mid-19th century. It is quite likely that the publisher of this map is the same person.” www.mdarchives.state.md.us/msa/speccol/1399/reports/html/348w5.html (accessed March 30, 2005).
11. 1837 is the last year Morgan appears in city directories as a potter; Matchett’s Baltimore Directory for 1837–38 (Baltimore, Md.: Printed by R. J. Matchett, 1837), p. 235. He might have manufactured stoneware beyond this date, however, because in 1839 he received the approval of the mayor and city council to remove his kiln located at the northeast corner of Pitt and Exeter (Green) Streets and relocate it to another part of his lot. City Council Records #1333, 1839, Baltimore City Archives.
12. Records show that in November 1794 and 1795 Morgan bought two parcels of land in proximity to Pitt and Green Streets; Baltimore County Deeds, 1794, Liber W. G. #R.R., folios 81–82, and 1795, Liber W.G. #S.S., folios 403–404. It is possible his factory was operational at some point in 1795, although he does not appear in city directories as a potter until 1796. See Baltimore Town and Fell’s Point Directory for 1796 (Baltimore, Md.: William Thompson and James L. Walker; Printed by Pechin and Co.), p. 56.
13. City Council Records #153, 1798, Baltimore City Archives.
14. National Archives Microfilm Publications, 1829–1891 Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at Baltimore, Microcopy 255, Roll #4, September 16, 1844.
15. Baltimore City Criminal Court, Naturalization Records, 1851–1854, 11, cr75, 546-1, p. 55.
16. Matchett’s Baltimore Directory for 1855–56 (Baltimore, Md.: Printed by R. J. Matchett, 1855), p. 154; Baltimore City Directory for 1859–60 (Baltimore, Md.: Printed by Sherwood and Company, 1859), p. 178; Woods Baltimore City Directory for 1879 (Baltimore, Md.: Printed by John W. Woods, 1879), p. 1049.
17. R. L. Polk and Co.’s Baltimore City Directory for 1888 (Baltimore, Md.: Printed by Nichols, Killam, and Moffitt, 1888), p. 519; R. L. Polk and Co.’s Baltimore City Directory for 1889 (Baltimore, Md.: Printed by Nichols, Killam, and Moffitt, 1889), p. 537.
18. R. L. Polk and Co.’s Baltimore City Directory for 1894 (Baltimore, Md.: Printed by Nichols, Killam, and Moffitt), p. 636; R. L. Polk and Co.’s Baltimore City Directory for 1896 (Baltimore, Md.: Printed by Evening News Publishing Company, 1896), p. 1994.
19. R. L. Polk and Co.’s Baltimore City Directory for 1899 (Baltimore, Md.: Printed by Thomas and Evans, 1899), p. 674.
20. Original Schedules for Maryland, Seventh Census of the U.S., 1850, Schedule 5, Baltimore City, Ward 19, p. 279. William Linton is recorded as thirty-five years old and born in England.
21. City Council Records #1029, 1849, rg 16, s1, Box 85, Baltimore City Archives.
22. Baltimore Wholesale Business Directory and Business Circular for 1853 (Baltimore, Md.: Printed by Sherwood and Co., 1853), p. 133.
23. Woods Baltimore City Directory for 1867–68 (Baltimore, Md.: Printed by John W. Woods, 1867), p. 695.
24. Baltimore County Register of Wills, Indentures, 1808–1811, October 10, 1809, p. 257.
25. Matchett’s Baltimore Directory for 1831 (Baltimore, Md.: Printed by R. J. Matchett, 1831), p. 263; Matchett’s Baltimore Directory for 1833 (Baltimore, Md.: Printed by R. J. Matchett, 1833), p. 131.
26. Matchett’s Baltimore Directory for 1833, p. 131; Matchett’s Directory for 1840 (Baltimore, Md.: Printed by R. J. Matchett, 1840–41), p. 257.
27. Matchett’s Baltimore Directory for 1840, p. 257.
28. American & Commercial Daily Advertiser, January 16, 1812, p. 3.
29. Ibid., March 15, 1815, p. 3.
30. Ibid., March 30, 1819, p. 3.
31. The various partnerships between these family members with similar names understandably has resulted in confusion as well as erroneous attributions.
32. 1820 Census of Manufactures, Virginia, Henrico County.
33. Henrico County, Virginia, Will Book No. 6, 1822–1827, August 7, 1822, p. 137.
34. Matchett’s Baltimore Directory for 1827 (Baltimore, Md.: Printed by R. J. Matchett, 1827), p. 190.
35. American & Commercial Daily Advertiser, October 6, 1824, p. 1.
36. Ibid., October 21, 1815, p. 3.
37. Ibid., December 15, 1823, p. 3.
38. Ibid., April 24, 1828, p. 1.
39. Original Schedules for Maryland, Seventh Census of the U.S., 1850, Schedule 5, Products of Industry, Baltimore City, Ward 18.
40. Zipp, “Henry Remmey & Son, Late of New York,” pp. 144–45.
41. Population Schedules of the Fourth Census of the U.S., 1820, p. 97. Henry Remmey is listed as “Henry Remmy.”
42. Perine family workbooks, 1859–1872 (microfilm), MS 654, Maryland Historical Society, 1865, p. 111, and 1872, p. 281. (ms 654 comprises a special collection of business records relating to the Perine family that span the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.)
43. R. L. Polk and Co.’s Baltimore City Directory for 1896 (Baltimore, Md.: Printed by Evening News Publishing Company), p. 1671.
44. Laura Watkins, Early New England Potters and Their Wares (Boston: Archon Books, 1969), p. 32.
45. Perine family daybook, 1882–1885 (microfilm), ms 654, Maryland Historical Society, 1884, p. 120, and 1885, p. 225.
46. Phil Schaltenbrand, Big Ware Turners: The History and Manufacture of Pennsylvania Stoneware, 1720–1920 (Bentleyville, Pa.: Westerwald Publishing, 2002), pp. 84–85. According to Schaltenbrand, stenciled decoration grew in popularity after 1875.
47. John Burrison, Brothers in Clay: The Story of Georgia Folk Pottery (Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press, 1995), p. 15.
48. E. McClung Fleming, “Artifact Study: A Proposed Model,” Winterthur Portfolio 9 (1974): 153–73.
49. R. L. Polk and Co.’s Baltimore City Directory for 1895 (Baltimore, Md.: Printed by Nichols, Killam, and Moffitt, 1895), p. 1682.
50. Myers, “Marketing American Pottery,” p. 61.
51. Ibid., p. 65. Perine offered discounts of between 7 and 35 percent of wholesale price for second-quality goods.
52. Woods Baltimore City Directory for 1865–66 (Baltimore, Md.: Printed by John W. Woods, 1865), p. 193. Herrmann refers to himself as a manufacturer and wholesale dealer in all kinds of stoneware.
53. Myers, “Marketing American Pottery,” p. 52.
54. Ibid., p. 53.
55. American & Commercial Daily Advertiser, August 25, 1820, p. 3; Richmond Enquirer, October 10, 1820, p. 3; Virginia Herald, September 6, 1820, p. 3. The same advertisement ran in all three newspapers.
56. “Maryland Antiques Show and Sale” [booklet] (Baltimore: Museum and Library of Maryland History/Maryland Historical Society, 1986), p. 86.
57. Sanders and Williams, Archeological Mitigation, p. 50.
58. Zipp, “Henry Remmey & Son, Late of New York,” pp. 143–56.
59. Matchett’s Baltimore Directory for 1835 (Baltimore, Md.: Printed by R. J. Matchett, 1835), p. 25.
60. Baltimore Clipper, October 16, 1839.
61. Matchett’s Baltimore Directory for 1840, p. 68.
62. Craig’s Business Directory and Baltimore Almanac for 1843 (Baltimore, Md.: Daniel H. Craig, 1843), p. 59.
63. Matchett’s Baltimore Directory for 1829 (Baltimore, Md.: Printed by R. J. Matchett, 1829), p. 96; Baltimore Wholesale Business Directory and Business Circular for the Year 1852 (Baltimore, Md.: Printed by Daniel H. Craig, 1852), p. 93.
64. Original Schedules for Maryland, Seventh Census of the U.S., 1850, Schedule 5, Products of Industry, Baltimore City, Ward 1. “Three and a half men” refers to the average number of workers employed by the pottery in one year; Carroll D. Wright, History and Growth of the United States Census (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1900), p. 313.
65. In 1843 the Baltimore Equitable Society insured the firm; Earnest’s seven-year plan included $1,750 of coverage for the building and $250 worth of fixtures. Baltimore Equitable Society Record of Policies, ms 3020, Maryland Historical Society, 1843, p. 5.
66. City Council Records #493, 1847, rg 16, s1, Box 79, Baltimore City Archives. This petition contains the following signatures: H. J. and C. J. Baker; Hammond and Porter; J. R. and F. W. Marston; J. C. Bokee and Co.; David Ball; D. Preston Parr; W. Cowles; James Pawley Jr.; Henry Bayley; H. P. Black; C. Levering and J. Clark; Thomas H. Stephens; Smith and Sharkey; John Wonderly; and Jacob Myers. Although William F. Bokee did not sign the petition—owing to a “private objection”—he wrote at the bottom of the document that he was “opposed to persons having the privilege of selling goods in the streets.”
67. Perine family daybook, 1855–1859 (microfilm), ms 654, Maryland Historical Society, 1857, p. 190, and 1859, p. 416.
68. Woods Baltimore City Directory for 1883 (Baltimore, Md.: Printed by John W. Woods), p. 1137; Dennis M. Zembala, ed., Baltimore: Industrial Gateway on the Chesapeake Bay (Baltimore, Md.: Baltimore Museum of Industry), pp. 24–25.
69. Nancy R. Fitzpatrick, “The Chesapeake Pottery Company,” Maryland Historical Magazine 52, no. 1 (1957): 65–66.
70. M. Perine and Sons to T. J. Elsorn, May 5, 1895 (private collection).
71. Georgeanna H. Greer, American Stonewares: The Art and Craft of Utilitarian Potters (Exton, Pa.: Schiffer Publishing, 1981), p. 210.
72. M. Perine and Sons to the Barnet Company, June 18, 1897 (private collection).
73. On February 19, 2005, Cottone Auctions, Mt. Morris, New York, sold a rare stoneware poultry feeder impressed “Thomas Haig 975 2nd S., Phila.” that was decorated with the identical spray motif seen in figures 20 and 70.