1. Keith L. Barr, Pamela J. Cressey, and Barbara H. Magid, “How Sweet It Was: Alexandria’s Sugar Trade and Refining Business,” Historical Archaeology of the Chesapeake, edited by Paul A. Shackel and Barbara J. Little (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994), pp. 251–65. The Moore-McLean Sugar House (44ax96) was excavated between 1987 and 1992 at Cameron and South Alfred Streets. The collection is curated by the Alexandria Archaeology Museum. Martha Williams, Nora Sheehan, and Suzanne Sanders, Phase I, II, and III Archaeological Investigations at the Juvenile Justice Center, Baltimore, Maryland (Frederick, Md.: R. Christopher Goodwin and Associates for the Maryland Department of General Services, 2000). The “Shutt and Tool, Sugar Bakers” site (18bc135) was excavated in 1998 at Hillen and Exeter Streets. The collection is curated at the Maryland Archaeological Conservation Laboratory. 2. Benjamin Silliman, Manual on the Cultivation of the Sugar Cane and the Fabrication and Refinement of Sugar (Washington, D.C.: Printed by Francis Preston Blair, 1833); George Richardson Porter, The Nature and Properties of the Sugar Cane: With Practical Directions for the Improvement of Its Culture, and the Manufacture of Its Products (London: Smith, Elder, 1843). 3. Catherine M. Brooks, “Aspects of the Sugar Refining Industry from the 16th to the 18th Century,” Post-Medieval Archaeology 17 (1983): 8–9. 4. Charles Tomlinson, The Useful Arts and Manufactures of Great Britain (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1846). The section on sugar refining is available at www.mawer.clara.net (accessed March 29, 2005). 5. Silliman, Manual on the Cultivation of the Sugar Cane, p. 93. 6. Pierre Regaldo-Saint-Blancard, “Les Céramiques de Raffinage du Sucre: Typologie, Technologie,” Archaeologie du Midi Medieval 4 (1986): 161–65. The author cites Alexander Brogniard, Traité des Arts Céramiques, vol. 1 (Paris, 1844), 1: 543–44, for a firsthand description of the combination of molding and turning used to make the sugar molds. 7. Allison T. Stenger, “Spectrographic Analysis, Alexandria, Va.” (Portland, Ore.: Department of Anthropology, Ceramics Analysis Laboratory, Portland State University, 1988), pp. 1–4. 8. Regaldo-Saint-Blancard, “Les Céramiques de Raffinage du Sucre,” p. 156. This mold is illustrated as type 1e. 9. Williams et al., Phase I, II, and III Archaeological Investigations, pp. 174, 279. 10. Silliman, Manual on the Cultivation of the Sugar Cane, p. 92.