1. See L. Daniel Mouer, “Chesapeake Creoles: The Creation of Folk Culture in Colonial Virginia,” in The Archaeology of Seventeenth Century Virginia, edited by Theodore J. Reinhart and Dennis J. Pogue (Richmond: Archaeological Society of Virginia, 1993), pp. 105–66. 2. See, for example, Matthew C. Emerson, “Decorated Clay Pipes from the Chesapeake” (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berkeley, 1988); idem, “Decorated Clay Pipes from the Chesapeake: An African Connection,” in Historical Archaeology of the Chesapeake, edited by Paul A. Shackel and Barbara J. Little (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994), pp. 45–46; Mouer, “Chesapeake Creoles”; Fraser Neiman and Julia King, “Who Smoked Chesapeake Pipes?” (paper presented at Society for Historical Archaeology Conference, Salt Lake City, 1999); see also L. Daniel Mouer, Mary Ellen N. Hodges, Stephen R. Potter, Susan L. Henry Renaud, Ivor Noël Hume, Dennis J. Pogue, Martha W. McCartney, and Thomas E. Davidson, “Colonoware Pottery, Chesapeake Pipes, and ‘Uncritical Assumptions,’” in “I, too, am America”: Archaeological Studies of African-American Life, edited by Theresa A. Singleton (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1999), pp. 82–115. 3. Al Luckenbach, “The Swan Cove Kiln: Chesapeake Tobacco Pipe Production, Circa 1650–1669,” in Ceramics in America, edited by Robert Hunter (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England for the Chipstone Foundation, 2004), pp. 1–14; Al Luckenbach and C. Jane Cox, “Tobacco-Pipe Manufacturing in Early Maryland: The Swan Cove Site (ca. 1660–1669),” in The Clay Tobacco-Pipe in Anne Arundel County, Maryland (1650–1730), edited by Al Luckenbach, C. Jane Cox, and John Kille (Annapolis: Anne Arundel County Trust for Preservation, 2002), pp. 46–63. 4. Emerson, “Decorated Clay Pipes,” p. 36. 5. Mouer, “Chesapeake Creoles,” p. 129. 6. See, e.g., David Gadsby and Shawn Sharpe, “The Lost Towns Project Tobacco Pipe Classification Scheme,” in The Clay Tobacco-Pipe in Anne Arundel County, Maryland (1650–1730), edited by Al Luckenbach, C. Jane Cox, and John Kille (Annapolis: Anne Arundel County Trust for Preservation, 2002), pp. 4–10. 7. For expanded descriptions, see Luckenbach and Cox, “Tobacco-Pipe Manufacturing in Early Maryland,” and Luckenbach, “Swan Cove Kiln.” 8. See Al Luckenbach, Providence 1649: The History and Archaeology of Anne Arundel County, Maryland’s First European Settlement (Annapolis: Maryland State Archives; Crownsville: Maryland Historical Trust, 1995). 9. William M. Kelso and Beverly A. Straube, Jamestown Rediscovery, 1994–2004 (Richmond: Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, 2004), pp. 163–66. 10. Beverly A. Straube, personal communication, 2005. 11. Julia A. King, personal communication, 2002. 12. Many of these citations are based on collection analyses by Taft Kiser. For Nomini, see also Vivienne Mitchell, “Decorated Brown Clay Pipebowls from Nominy Plantation: Progress Report,” Quarterly Bulletin of the Archeological Society of Virginia 31, no. 2 (December 1976): 83; idem, “The History of Nominy Plantation with Emphasis on the Clay Tobacco Pipes,” in Historic Clay Tobacco Pipe Studies, edited by Byron Sudbury, 3 vols. (1980–), vol. 2 (1983), pp. 1–38; for Jamestown, see John L. Cotter, Archaeological Excavations at Jamestown Virginia (Archeological Society of Virginia Special Publication 4, 1958). 13. Henry M. Miller, “Tobacco Pipes from Pope’s Fort, St. Mary’s City, Maryland: An English Civil War Site on the American Frontier,” in The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe, vol. 12, Chesapeake Bay, edited by Peter Davey and Dennis Pogue, British Archaeological Reports British Series, 566 (Oxford: B.A.R., 1991), pp. 73–88; Silas D. Hurry and Robert W. Keeler, “A Descriptive Analysis of the White Clay Tobacco Pipes from the St. John’s Site in St. Mary’s City, Maryland,” in ibid., pp. 37–72. 14. Christopher I. Sperling and Laura J. Galke, Phase II Archaeological Investigations of 18st233 and 18st329 Aboard Webster Field Annex, Naval Air Station, Patuxent River, St. Mary’s County, Maryland, report prepared for the Department of Public Works, Naval Air Station, Patuxent River, St. Mary’s County, Maryland. 15. Luckenbach and Cox, “Tobacco-Pipe Manufacturing in Early Maryland,” pp. 46–63. 16. Stephen Mills, “Seventeenth-Century Life in Renews, Newfoundland: Archaeological Analysis of an English West Country Planter’s House” (master’s thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2000), p. 159, fig. 13a. 17. Silas D. Hurry and Henry M. Miller, “The Varieties and Origins of Chesapeake Red Clay Tobacco Pipes: A Perspective from the Potomac Shore” (paper presented at the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference, Kingston, Jamaica, 1992). 18. See Ivor Noël Hume and Audrey Noël Hume, The Archaeology of Martin’s Hundred (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania; Williamsburg, Va.: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 2001); Miller, “Tobacco Pipes from Pope’s Fort,” pp. 73–88. For Providence sites, see The Clay Tobacco-Pipe in Anne Arundel County, Maryland (1650–1730), edited by Al Luckenbach, C. Jane Cox, and John Kille (Annapolis, Md.: Anne Arundel County Trust for Preservation, Inc., 2002), pp. 46–63. 19. For additional information and images, see www.flowerdew.org/pipe.html. 20. Mitchell, “Decorated Brown Clay Pipebowls from Nominy Plantation,” p. 83; see also idem, “History of Nominy Plantation,” pp. 1–38. 21. Dane T. Magoon, “‘Chesapeake’ Pipes and Uncritical Assumptions: A View from Northeastern North Carolina,” North Carolina Archaeology 49 (1999): 107–27. 22. Alain Charles Outlaw, Governor’s Land: Archaeology of Early Seventeenth-Century Virginia Settlements (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1990), pp. 78–79, esp. fig. 49. 23. See Henry M. Miller, Discovering Maryland’s First City: A Summary Report on the 1981– 1984 Archaeological Excavations in St. Mary’s City, Maryland, St. Mary’s City Archaeology Series, no. 2 (St. Mary’s City, Md.: St. Mary’s City Commission, 1986), p. 47; Miller, “Tobacco Pipes from Pope’s Fort,” pp. 73–88; Hurry and Miller, “The Varieties and Origins of Chesapeake Red Clay Tobacco Pipes.”