1. John F. Watson, Annals of Philadelphia: Being a Collection of Memoirs, Anecdotes, and Incidents of the City and Its Inhabitants from the Days of the Pilgrim Founders....(Philadelphia: E. L. Carey and A. Hart, 1830), p. 680. Hood credits Dr. James Mease with making the earliest historical reference to the American China Manufactory (Picture of Philadelphia [Philadelphia, 1811], p. 75), and says that Watson repeated that information in his Annals of Philadelphia. In this instance Hood appears to be mistaken. An examination of page 75 of Picture of Philadelphia failed to uncover the quote, the only reference to ceramics being: “Experiments show that ware equal to that of StaVordshire might be manufactured here, if workmen could be procured.” American Philosophical Society Proceedings 133, no. 4 (1989). 2. Edwin AtLee Barber, The Pottery and Porcelain of the United States: An Historical Review of American Ceramic Art from the Earliest Times to the Present Day; to Which Is Appended a Chapter on the Pottery of Mexico; Combined with Marks of American Potters (N.p.: Feingold and Lewis; New York: dist. by J. & J. Publishing, 1976), pp. 93–100. Reprint of The Pottery and Porcelain of the United States (3rd ed., 1909) and Marks of American Potters (1904). 3. Graham Hood, Bonnin and Morris of Philadelphia: The First American Porcelain Factory, 1770–1772 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1972). 4. Pennsylvania Chronicle and Universal Advertiser (Philadelphia) 3, no. 49 (December 25, 1769–January 1, 1770), p. 402. Previously this advertisement has been cited with the latter date, even though, given the dates of the publication, it had to have been placed in December. It encourages experienced workmen to apply to Edward Lightwood, a Charleston merchant, who would make the necessary arrangements for their passage to Philadelphia. In Charleston the notice appeared in the South-Carolina Gazette, and Country Journal of March 13, 1770, and in the April 4, 1770, edition of the South-Carolina Gazette. 5. Pennsylvania Journal, and the Weekly Advertiser (Philadelphia), no. 1466 (January 10, 1771), in Alfred Coxe Prime, comp., The Arts and Crafts in Philadelphia, Maryland and South Carolina, 1721–1785: Gleanings from Newspapers ([Topsfield, Mass.]: Walpole Society, 1929), p. 117. 6. Benjamin Rush to Thomas Bradford, April 15, 1768, in L. H. Butterfield, ed., Letters of Benjamin Rush, 2 vols. (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1951), 1:54. Rush also referred to the concept of establishing a china factory in another letter to Bradford: “How do American Manufactures go on? I long to be engaged in serving my country in this most important respect. From late intelligence I have had from America, I am now fully convinced of the possibility of setting up a china manufactory in Philadelphia.” Benjamin Rush to Thomas Bradford, June 3, 1768, in Butterfield, Letters of Benjamin Rush, 1:60–61. Rush’s interest in the production of porcelain stimulated a lecture on the subject: “At the  request of a number of his fellow citizens, doctor rush will deliver eight lectures on such parts of chemistry as abound with the greatest variety of the most useful and entertaining facts and experiments, in the College of this city. The subjects of these Lectures will be as follow: . . . of the manufactories of glass and porcelane. . . .” Dunlap’s Pennsylvania Packet, or, the General Advertiser 4, no. 164 (December 12, 1774). 7. Benjamin Rush probably to Jacob Rush, January 26, 1769, in Butterfield, Letters of Benjamin Rush, 1:74–75. Pennsylvania Journal, no. 1374 (April 6, 1769). 8. Benjamin Franklin to Humphrey Marshall, March 18, 1770, in The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, 38 vols. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1973), vol. 17: January 1–December 31, 1770 (1973), edited by William B. Willcox, pp. 109–10. Humphrey Marshall to Benjamin Franklin, November 27, 1771, in ibid., vol. 18: January 1–December 31, 1771 (1974), edited by William B. Willcox, p. 254. Marshall specifically mentions Bonnin and Morris’s American China Manufactory, writing: “Our Collonies is Gone into the Importation of Goods by accounts more Largely than Ever. However I hope their remains Such a Sprerit to promote Industry and frugallity among the ablest of the farmers that they Will Purchase But as few of their Goods and they Can Well avoid. Our China Manefactury I hope will Improve and the Making of Derible (?) flint Glass Seems to make noise among us.” Franklin seems to have maintained an ongoing interest in the production of porcelains. In February 1758 he wrote to his wife that he was sending her a variety of English china: “To show the Difference of Workmanship there is something from all the China Works in England....” Benjamin Franklin to Deborah Franklin, February 19, 1758, in The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, 38 vols. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1959–2006), vol. 7: October 1, 1756–March 31, 1758 (1963), edited by Leonard W. Labaree, p. 381. Another of Franklin’s letters, this one written to Humphrey Marshall, enumerates on his interest in porcelain: “I show’d the Specimens you sent me to an ingenious skilful French Chemist, who has the Direction of the Royal Porcellane Manufacture at Seve near Paris, and he assured me that one of those white Earths would make a good ingredient in that kind of Ware.” The French chemist that Franklin refers to was Pierre Joseph Macquer, who was director of the Royal Porcelain Factory at Sèvres. Benjamin Franklin to Humphrey Marshall, March 18, 1770, in The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, vol. 17: January 1–December 31, 1770 (1974), edited by William B. Willcox, p. 109. 9. Pennsylvania Journal, no. 1490 (June 27, 1771), in Prime, Arts and Crafts of Philadelphia, p. 146. 10. Minutes of the American Philosophical Society Held at Philadelphia for Promoting Useful Knowledge, October 6, 1769, American Philosophical Society, 1769–1774, p. 78, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. It seems plausible that two of the society’s members—Benjamin Rush, who had recently returned to Philadelphia, and Benjamin Franklin, who remained in London at this time—would have fully supported this concept, if they were the ones responsible for actually initiating it in the first place. See also Hood, Bonnin and Morris, p. 70. 11. American Philosophical Society, November 3, 1769, p. 80. 12. Hood, Bonnin and Morris, pp. 10–11. 13. Gazetter and New Daily Advertiser (London), no. 13,062 (January 10, 1771). The same story appeared in the Craftsman; or Say’s Weekly Journal (London), no. 650 (January 12, 1771). A slightly different version of the letter was published in the Westminister Journal: and London Political Miscellany, no. 1,349 (January 12, 1771) and the Weekly Magazine or Edinburgh Amusement (January 17, 1771), the latter being previously quoted by William Chaffers, Marks and Monograms on European and Oriental Pottery and Porcelain, 14th ed. (Los Angeles: Borden Publishing Co., 1946), p. 969. A different story, which also mentions the attempts being made in Philadelphia to produce silk, appeared in the General Evening Post (London), no. 5,812 (January 8–10, 1771), and Bingley’s Weekly Journal; or, The Universal Gazette (London), no. 32 (January 12, 1771): “A letter from Philadelphia mentions, that a public filature is established there by a society of gentlemen, who are promoting the culture of silk in that province. And that a large china manufactory is also established there.” 14. Joseph Shippen Jr. to Edward Shippen Esq., February 26, 1771 (typescript letter, original manuscript unlocated), Shippen Papers, Manuscript Group 375, New Jersey Historical Society, Newark. A portion of this letter is quoted in John C. Milley, ed., Treasures of Independence: Independence National Historical Park and Its Collections (New York: Main Street Press, 1980), pp. 73, 175. A second letter from Joseph Shippen Jr. to his father, dated March 15, 1771, also refers to the American China Manufactory. The pertinent section is quoted by Hood, Bonnin and Morris, pp. 16–17, 73. 15. Benjamin Franklin to Deborah Franklin, January 28, 1772, in The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, 38 vols. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1973), vol. 19: January 1–December 31, 1772 (1976), edited by William B. Willcox, p. 43. 16. Philadelphia: Three Centuries of American Art (Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1976), pp. 108–9. 17. Hood, Bonnin and Morris, p. 55. John Cadwalader also supported the Newcastle Lottery by purchasing ninety tickets for £135 in November 1771. Ibid., p. 73. 18. “Copy of Bill for American China, 1771,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 33, no. 2 (Philadelphia: Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1909), p. 253. See also Hood, Bonnin and Morris, p. 55. 19. Cadwalader and Samuel C. Morris Receipt Book 1769–1781, Joseph Downs Manuscript and Microfilm Collection, 65x520, Winterthur Museum, Winterthur, Delaware. The receipt states: “Reced January 6. 1772 of Cadwr & Saml C. Morris seventy five pounds in full for John Dickinson’s order of 14th Decemr last. £75. Bonnin & Morris.” 20. Bernard Watney, English Blue and White Porcelain of the Eighteenth Century (Boston: Faber and Faber, 1973), pp. 25–26; Hood, Bonnin and Morris, pp. 29–31. 21. Pennsylvania Journal, no. 1505 (October 10, 1771), in Prime, Arts and Crafts of Philadelphia, pp. 118–19. 22. Elizabeth Adams and David Redstone, Bow Porcelain (Boston: Faber and Faber, 1981), pp. 78–79. Adams and Redstone convincingly link the Thomas Frye referred to in the Pennsylvania Journal to Thomas Frye’s nephew and namesake. The two boys would have both been sixteen years old at the time. Thomas Frye’s nephew’s baptismal register from West Ham, England, dated October 27, 1754, reads, “Thomas Frye, son of Henry and Jane.” 23. In addition to the sauceboat illustrated from the City of Plymouth Museums and Art Gallery collection, another sauceboat was published by F. Severne Mackenna, Cookworthy’s Plymouth and Bristol Porcelain (Leigh-on-Sea, Eng.: F. Lewis Publishers, 1946), fig. 23. In 1946 that sauceboat was in the Frank Arnold Collection; its current location is unknown. The Plymouth museum’s collection includes two other related examples. The first (1922.22) is a sauceboat that bears the Plymouth mark, has identical molding, and a plain strap handle. A somewhat later example (1963.31), with the same molding and the same C-scroll handle, is decorated in polychrome and bears a Bristol mark. Coincidentally, after returning to England in 1773, Bonnin first settled in Bristol. Hood, Bonnin and Morris, p. 21. Also see Watney, English Blue and White Porcelain, pl. 95a. 24. Charles F. Hoban, ed., Pennsylvania Archives, ser. 8, vol. 8 (January 7, 1771–September 26, 1776) (1935), pp. 6616–17. See also Hood, Bonnin and Morris, pp. 53–54, and, in this volume, Appendix 6, pp. 56–57. 25. Hoban, Pennsylvania Archives, p. 6659. 26. Hood, Bonnin and Morris, fig. 17. 27. Ibid., p. 52. A receipt for lottery tickets is in the Gillingham Lottery Collection, Historical Society of Pennsylvania. The collection also includes two of the 1771 lottery tickets, nos. 431 and 773. Two other tickets, nos. 430 and 2257, are in the respective collections of The Bayou Bend Collection, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (fig. 11), and the Brooklyn Museum. 28. Cadwalader and Morris Receipt Book, “Reced Aug.t 20.th 1772 of Cadwr. & Saml. C. Morris five Pounds twelve shillings & 6d in full for five Tickets in the second New Castle Lottery. 1776 signed Nichs. Van Dyke £5:12:6 Stephen Bayard.” 29. Pennsylvania Packet, no. 41 (August 3, 1772), in Prime, Arts and Crafts in Philadelphia, 1:120. This notice was first published by the South Carolina Gazette (Charleston), no. 1902, on July 9, 1772, and also appeared in the August 13, 1772, edition of the Maryland Gazette (Annapolis), no. 1405. 30. Pennsylvania Gazette (Philadelphia), no. 2289 (November 4, 1772), in Prime, Arts and Crafts of Philadelphia, p. 120. 31. Pennsylvania Chronicle, vol. 6, no. 43 (November 7–14, 1772), p. 177, in Prime, Arts and Crafts of Philadelphia, pp. 120–21. 32. Pennsylvania Chronicle, vol. 7, no. 15 (April 26–May 3, 1773), p. 59, in Prime, Arts and Crafts of Philadelphia, p. 122. 33. Benjamin Franklin to Peter P. Burdett, November 3, 1773, in The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, 38 vols. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1973), vol. 20: January 1–December 31, 1773 (1976), edited by William B. Willcox, p. 460. Burdett was a noted cartographer and later pioneered the use of aquatint in England. In working with aquatint he developed a process for applying engravings to ceramic bodies. This discovery was offered to Josiah Wedgwood, who attempted to utilize it for more than a year but in March 1773 abandoned the idea. Willcox notes that at this time Burdett may have considered coming to America to act as a surveyor and to lay out canals. In contemplating the move, he might have inquired of Franklin about the status of the American China Manufactory’s operation, perceiving a possible opportunity to collaborate with the factory to employ his aquatint process on its wares. 34. Pennsylvania Gazette, no. 2343 (November 17, 1773). 35. Pennsylvania Gazette, no. 2363 (April 20, 1774). 36. Hood, Bonnin and Morris, p. 74, figs. 18, 19. 37. Pennsylvania Gazette, no. 2380 (August 3, 1774). Included among the listings is a “rolling press, for copper-plate printing. . . .” 38. Pennsylvania Gazette, no. 2391 (October 19, 1774). 39. John Adams to Charles Adams, March 30, 1777, in Lyman H. Butterfield, ed., Adams Family Correspondence, 7 vols. (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1963), vols. 1–2 (December 1761–March 1778), p. 190. See also Hood, Bonnin and Morris, p. 74.