1. Herbert Eccles and Bernard Rackham, Analysed Specimens of English Porcelain (London: Victoria and Albert Museum, 1922). 2. Geoffrey A. Godden, Encyclopaedia of British Porcelain Manufacturers (London: Barrie and Jenkins, 1988), p. 17. 3. For data on early, experimental wares, see J. Victor Owen, “On the Earliest Products (ca. 1751–1752) of the Worcester Porcelain Manufactory: Evidence from Sherds from the Warmstry House Site, England,” Historical Archaeology 32, no. 4 (1998): 63–75. For data on early as well as later wares, including Flight and Barr porcelain, see J. Victor Owen, “The Geochemistry of Worcester Porcelain from Dr. Wall to Royal Worcester: 150 Years of Innovation,” Historical Archaeology 37, no. 4 (2003): 84–96. 4. J. Victor Owen, “Geochemical and Mineralogical Distinctions between Bonnin and Morris (Philadelphia, 1770–72) Porcelain and Some Contemporary British Phosphatic Wares,” Geoarchaeology 16, no. 7 (2001): 785–802. J. V. Owen and R. Ramsay, unpublished data. I. C. Freestone, L. Joyner, and R. Howard, “The Composition of Porcelain from the Isleworth Manufactory,” Transactions of the English Ceramic Circle 18, no. 2 (2003): 284–94. Owen, “On the Earliest Products . . . of the Worcester Porcelain Manufactory.” 5. The first patent, applied for in 1744, was granted in 1745. See W.H.R. Ramsay, A. Gabszewicz, and E. G. Ramsay, “‘Unaker’ or Cherokee Clay and Its Relationship to the ‘Bow’ Porcelain Manufactory,” Transactions of the English Ceramic Circle 17, no. 3 (2001): 474–99; W.H.R. Ramsay and A. Gabszewicz, “The Chemistry of ‘A’-Marked Porcelain and Its Relation to the Heylyn and Frye Patent of 1744,” Transactions of the English Ceramic Circle 18, no. 2 (2003): 264–83; and W.H.R. Ramsay, G. R. Hill, and E. G. Ramsay, “Re-Creation of the 1744 Heylyn and Frye Ceramic Patent Wares Using Cherokee Clay: Implications for Raw Materials, Kiln Conditions, and the Earliest English Porcelain Production,” Geoarchaeology 19, no. 7: 635–55. 6. Ian Freestone, “The Mineralogy and Chemistry of Early British Porcelain,” Mineralogical Society Bulletin (July 1999): 3–7. 7. Ramsay, Gabszewicz, and Ramsay, “‘Unaker’ or Cherokee Clay”; and Ramsay and Gabszewicz, “The Chemistry of ‘A’-Marked Porcelain.” 8. J. Victor Owen and Maurice Hillis, “From London to Liverpool: Evidence for a Limehouse-Reid Porcelain Connection Based on the Analysis of Sherds from the Brownlow Hill (ca. 1755–1767) Factory Site,” Geoarchaeology 18, no. 8 (2003): 851–82. 9. Godden, Encyclopaedia of British Porcelain Manufacturers, p. 18. 10. W[illiam] D[avid] John, Nantgarw Porcelain (Newport, Mon., Eng.: R. H. Johns, 1948). 11. P. P. Housley, “A Study of Derbyshire Raw Materials and Their Possible Relationship to the Manufacture of Porcelain at Derby,” Transactions of the English Ceramic Circle 14, no. 2 (1991): 126–43. 12. J. Victor Owen, “The Como-Hudson Factories (c. 1845–77): Results of Geochemical Analyses for Quebec’s First Known Glassworks,” Canadian Journal of Archaeology 25 (2001): 74–97. 13. W. B. Stern and Y. Gerber, “Potassium-Calcium Glass: New Data and Experiments,” Archaeometry 46, no. 1 (2004): 137–56. 14. Margaret Gary, Robert McAfee Jr., and Carol L. Wolf, eds., Glossary of Geology (Washington, D.C.: American Geological Institute, 1972), p. 670. 15. J. Victor Owen, unpublished data. 16. P.D.S. St. Pierre, “Constitution of Bone China: II, Reactions in Bone China Bodies,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society 38 (1955): 217–23. 17. I. Freestone, “The Mineralogy and Chemistry of Early British Porcelain,” Mineralogical Society Bulletin (July 1999): 3–7. 18. J. Victor Owen and Michelle L. Morrison, “Sagged Nantgarw Porcelain (1813–1820): Casualty of Overfiring or a Fertile Paste?” Geoarchaeology 14 (1999): 313–32. 19. A. Streckeisen, “To Each Plutonic Rock Its Proper Name,” Earth Science Reviews 12 (1976): 1–33. 20. W. J. Cross, J. P. Iddings, L. V. Pirsson, and H. S. Washington, “A Quantitative Chemicomineralogical Classification and Nomenclature of Igneous Rocks,” Journal of Geology 10 (1902): 555–690. 21. T. N. Irvine and W.R.A. Baragar, “A Guide to the Classification of the Common Volcanic Rocks,” Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 8 (1971): 523–48. 22. M. J. Le Bas, R. W. Le Maitre, A. Steckeisen, and B. Zanettin, “A Chemical Classification of Volcanic Rocks Based on the Total Alkali-Silica Diagram,” Journal of Petrology 27 (1986): 745–50. 23. J. Victor Owen, Brian Adams, and Roy Stephenson, “Nicholas Crisp’s ‘Porcellien’: A Petrological Comparison of Sherds from the Vauxhall (London; c. 1751–1764) and Indeo Pottery (Bovey Tracey, Devonshire; c. 1767–1774) Factory Sites,” Geoarchaeology 15 (2000): 43–78. 24. Owen, “On the Earliest Products . . . of the Worcester Porcelain Manufactory.” 25. Owen, “The Geochemistry of Worcester Porcelain.” 26. J. Victor Owen and Robin Barkla, “Compositional Characteristics of 18th Century Derby Porcelains: Recipe Changes, Phase Transformations and Melt Fertility,” Journal of Archaeological Science 24 (1997): 127–40; J. Victor Owen and Terence R. Day, “Eighteenth Century Phosphatic Porcelains: Bow and Lowestoft—Further Confirmation of Their Compositional Distinction,” Transactions of the English Ceramic Circle 16, no. 3 (1998): 342–44; J. Victor Owen and John Sandon, “Petrological Characteristics of Gilbody, Pennington, and Christian (18th Century Liverpool) Porcelains and Their Distinction from Some Contemporary Phosphatic and Magnesian/Plombian British Wares,” Journal of Archaeological Science 25 (1998): 1131–47; J. Victor Owen and John Sandon, “A Rose by Any Other Name: A Geochemical Comparison of Caughley (c. 1772–1799) and Coalport (John Rose & Co.; c. 1799–1837) Porcelains, Based on Sherds from the Factory Sites,” Post-Medieval Archaeology 37, no. 1 (2003): 79–89. 27. Owen, “Geochemical Distinctions.” 28. M. S. Tite and M. Bimson, “A Technological Study of English Porcelains,” Archaeometry 33 (1991): 10. 29. I. Freestone, “A Technical Study of Limehouse Ware,” in Limehouse Ware Revealed, edited by David Drakard (London: English Ceramic Circle, 1993), pp. 68–73. 30. Owen and Hillis, “From London to Liverpool.” 31. I. Freestone, “A Dated Porcelain Waster from Isleworth,” Transactions of the English Ceramic Circle 17, no. 3 (2001): 325–26. 32. See Freestone, “The Composition of Porcelain from the Isleworth Manufactory,” p. 294, Table 5. 33. Owen, “The Geochemistry of Worcester Porcelain”; Owen and Hillis, “From London to Liverpool”; Freestone, “A Technical Study of Limehouse Ware.” 34. See J. Victor Owen, Katherine L. Irwin, Charles L. Flint, and John D. Greenough, “Trace Element Constraints on the Source of Silica Sand Used by the Boston and Sandwich Glass Co. (c. 1826–1888), Massachusetts,” Industrial Archaeology 31, no. 2 (2007): 39–56 [in press], fig. 8. 35. Robert S. Carmichael, ed., Practical Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals (Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 1982), p. 103. 36. See Stern and Gerber, “Potassium-Calcium Glass,” p. 140, Table 1. 37. Eccles and Rackham, Analysed Specimens of English Porcelain. 38. Franklin A. Barrett, Worcester Porcelain and Lund’s Bristol (London: Faber and Faber, 1966). 39. See Owen and Hillis, “From London to Liverpool,” p. 865, fig. 2b; and Owen, “On the Earliest Products . . . of the Worcester Porcelain Manufactory,” p. 66, fig. 2c. 40. For the matrix phase, see the data for sample BH15 in Owen and Hillis, “From London to Liverpool,” p. 863, Table II. 41. J. Victor Owen, unpublished data. 42. Owen and Sandon, “A Rose by Any Other Name.” 43. Maurice Hillis, personal communication with the author, 2003. 44. Godden, Encyclopaedia of British Porcelain Manufacturers, p. 20. 45. Ibid. 46. J. Victor Owen, “Antique Porcelain 101: A Primer on the Chemical Analysis and Interpretation of Eighteenth-Century British Wares,” Ceramics in America, edited by Robert Hunter (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England for the Chipstone Foundation, 2002), p. 57. 47. George Savage, 18th-Century English Porcelain (London: Spring Books, 1964); Owen, “Antique Porcelain 101,” pp. 39–61. 48. Brian Adams, A Bovey Tracey Tin-glazed Fuddling Cup (Budleigh Salterton, Eng.: B&T Thorn and Son, 2005).