Footnotes

1. Theodore Roosevelt, letter to his son, Kermit, April 29, 1907, in Theodore Roosevelt's Letters to His Children, edited by Joseph Bucklin Bishop (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1919). The letter is reproduced online at http://bartleby.com/53/100 (accessed March 27, 2008).
2. John T. Maginnis, "Opening of the Jamestown Exposition," Scientific American 96, no. 17 (April 27, 1907): 351.
3. New York Times, December 1, 1907.
4. Ibid.; Plummer F. Jones, "The Jamestown Tercentenary Exposition," American Monthly Illustrated Review of Reviews 35, no. 206 (March 1907): 305.
5. New York Times, December 1, 1907. Thomas C. Parramore, with Peter C. Stewart and Tommy L. Bogger, Norfolk: The First Four Centuries (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994), p. 271. Robert W. Rydell, John E. Findling, and Kimberly D. Pelle, Fair America: World's Fairs in the United States (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2000), pp. 28, 41.
6. "Meet Me on the Warpath at the Jamestown Fair," words by Jack Lyon, music by Claude Elam (Greensboro, N.C.: C. M. Elam Music Publishing Co., 1907).
7. Kate Langley Bosher, "The Jamestown Commemoration 1607-1907," Outlook 84, no. 9 (October 1906): 489.
8. Lori Bogle, "Why T. R. Sent the Great White Fleet," Daybook 12, no. 2 (2007): 8, available online at www.hrnm.navy.mil/daybooks/volume12issue2.pdf (accessed April 25, 2008).
9. James M. Lindgren, Preserving the Old Dominion: Historic Preservation and Virginia Traditionalism (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1993), p. 123.
10. "The Coming Jamestown Exposition," New York Herald Magazine Section, February 3, 1907, p. 1.
11. Thomas Nelson Page, "Jamestown's Exposition: Tercentennial Celebration of the First English-Speaking Colony on This Continent," Collier's, the National Weekly 39, no. 5 (April 27, 1907): 18.
12. Ibid.; and Lindgren, Preserving the Old Dominion, p. 124.
13. Charles Frederick Stansbury, "The Jamestown Exposition: Celebrating the Three Hundredth Anniversary of the Settlement of Virginia," The World's Work 14 (May-October 1907): 8938. Not all Americans approved of the celebration of the martial spirit. In an official paper published several months before the expo opened, a group of prominent Americans—including social reformers Jane Addams and Rev. Edward Everett Hale as well as members of the Jamestown Exposition advisory board—declared that "the extravagant militarism of the coming Jamestown Exposition, as developed and disclosed during the last few months, is a profound shock," reminding organizers that "the inaugural exposition at London in 1851 . . . was conceived . . . expressly as a Festival of Peace, a greeting of the dawn of an era of industrialism to supplant the old era of militarism, a pledge and celebration of fraternity and cooperation among the nations." Amy Waters Yarsinske, Jamestown Exposition: American Imperialism on Parade, 2 vols. (Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia, 1999), 2: 8.
14. William H. Lee, Laird & Lee's Guide to Historic Virginia and the Jamestown Exposition (Chicago: Laird and Lee Publishers, 1907), pp. 33-34, 44-46.
15. Ibid., p. 9.
16. Thomas Nelson Page, "Jamestown the Cradle of American Civilization," Century Magazine 74 (1907): 146.
17. Quoted in David James Kiracofe, "The Jamestown Jubilees: 'State Patriotism' and Virginia Identity in the Early Nineteenth Century," Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 110, no. 1 (2002): 56.
18. "The Jamestown Celebration," Harper's Weekly 1, no. 26 (June 27, 1857): 404-5; Kiracofe, "The Jamestown Jubilees," p. 37.
19. Stansbury, "The Jamestown Exposition," p. 8935; Lee, Laird & Lee's Guide, pp. 116-17; Jones, "The Jamestown Tercentenary," p. 309; Tom Costa, An Illustrated History of the Jamestown Exposition, 2nd ed. (Norfolk, Va.: Hampton Roads Naval Museum, 2000), p. 7.
20. Congress passed both the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act on June 30, 1906. Among those Americans deeply affected by The Jungle was Theodore Roosevelt who, as president, sent agents to Chicago to confirm the truth of Sinclair's allegations. George Brown Tindall, America: A Narrative History, 2 vols. (New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 1984), 2: 918-19.
21. The Official Blue Book of the Jamestown Ter-centennial Exposition, A.D. 1907: The Only Authorized History of the Celebration (Norfolk, Va.: Colonial Publishing Company, [1909]), p. 650.
22. Ibid., p. 653; Costa, An Illustrated History, p. 34.
23. Jones, "The Jamestown Tercentenary," p. 308; Cuyler Reynolds, New York at the Jamestown Exposition: Norfolk, Virginia April 26 to December 1, 1907 (Albany, N.Y.: J. B. Lyon Company, 1909), p. 169. According to one source (New York Herald, p. 3), the concert hall boasted the distinction of housing the world's largest pipe organ; according to another (Jones, "The Jamestown Tercentenary," p. 314), it was the world's second largest; and a third source (Costa, An Illustrated History, p. 7) reports it was the largest ever built in the United States.
24. Jones, "The Jamestown Tercentenary," p. 309; Reynolds, New York at the Jamestown Exposition, p. 166.
25. Official Guide of the Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition, compiled and edited by W. H. Bright (Norfolk, Va.: Jamestown Official Publication Co., 1907), p. 36.
26. Reynolds, New York at the Jamestown Exposition, p. 169.
27. "Virginia the Mother of States," words and music by Lillian Turner (Norfolk, Va.: Cable Co., 1907).
28. Official Blue Book, pp. 621-47.
29. Official Guide of the Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition, p. 38.
30. Lee, Laird & Lee's Guide, p. 126.
31. Stansbury, "The Jamestown Exposition," p. 8936.
32. Paul Wilstach, Tidewater Virginia (Brooklyn, N.Y.: Braunworth and Company, 1929), pp. 208-9; Lee, Laird & Lee's Guide, pp. 87-88; The Virginia Landmarks Register, Third Edition, edited by Calder Loth (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1987), p. 499.
33. Jones, "The Jamestown Tercentenary," p. 317; Loth, Virginia Landmarks Register, pp. 85-87.
34. Clifford Dowdey, The Virginia Dynasties: The Emergence of "King" Carter and the Golden Age (New York: Bonanza Books, 1969), p. 191.
35. Loth, Virginia Landmarks Register, p. 345. Wilstach, Tidewater Virginia, pp. 129-32.
36. Theodore Roosevelt, letter to his son, Kermit, April 29, 1907. All the historic homes represented in the cartouches of the Virginia House plate are listed in the Virginia Landmarks Register. Monticello, Westover, Shirley, and Brandon also have been designated National Historic Landmarks. Loth, Virginia Landmarks Register, pp. 16, 86-87, 345.
37. Lee, Laird & Lee's Guide, pp. 24-25.
38. Ibid., pp. 58-69; Bruton Parish Churchyard and Church: A Guide to the Tombstones, Monuments, and Mural Tablets (Williamsburg, Va.: Bruton Parish Church, 1980), p. xiii.
39. New York Herald, p. 3; Costa, An Illustrated History, p. 40. These modest representations additionally prefigured the development of the region into one of the world's principal naval complexes. Ten years after the expo, the U.S. government purchased the fairgrounds in order to establish the Norfolk Naval Base, currently the primary such facility on the Atlantic coast. Newport News Shipbuilding (now Northrop Grumman) subsequently became one of the nation's leading producers of warships, aircraft carriers, and submarines.
40. W. Edwin Hemphill, "The Symbolism of Our Seal," Virginia Cavalcade 2, no. 3 (winter 1952): 27-32.
41. Ladies' World 28, no. 5 (May 1907): 3, 38.
42. Lindgren, Preserving the Old Dominion, pp. 91-122.
43. Gordon Calhoun, "Enlightening the Ignorant and Educating the Masses: Grassroots Progressivism at the Exposition," Daybook 12, no. 2 (2007): 4-6, available online at www.hrnm.navy.mil/daybooks/volume12issue2.pdf (accessed April 25, 2008).
44. William Watson Waldron, quoted in Frederic W. Gleach, "Pocahontas at the Fair: Crafting Identities at the Jamestown Exposition," Ethnohistory 50, no. 3 (summer 2003): 436.
45. "Fever," words and music by John Davenport and Eddie Cooley, 1956.
46. Lee, Laird & Lee's Guide, p. 13.
47. Page, "Jamestown the Cradle."
48. John Smith, The Generall History of Virginia, the Somer Iles, and New England . . . , in The Complete Works of John Smith (1580-1631) in Three Volumes, edited by Philip L. Barbour (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986), 2: 151.
49. See, e.g., James Horn, A Land as God Made It: Jamestown and the Birth of America (New York: Basic Books, 2005), pp. 68-69; J. A. Leo Lemay, Did Pocahontas Save Captain John Smith? (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1992).
50. The print was produced by H. Schile of New York after a painting by Edward Henry Corbould. William M. S. Rasmussen and Robert S. Tilton, Pocahontas: Her Life and Legend (Richmond: Virginia Historical Society, 1994), p. 16.
51. Lindgren, Preserving the Old Dominion, p. 130. For more on Edwin Bennett, see Arthur F. Goldberg, "Highlights in the Development of the Rockingham and Yellow Ware Industry in the United States—A Brief Review with Representative Examples," in Ceramics in America, edited by Robert Hunter (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England for the Chipstone Foundation, 2003), pp. 27-46.
52. Smith, Generall History, in Barbour, Complete Works of John Smith, 2: 108.
53. Ibid., 1: lviii; Lemay, Did Pocahontas Save Captain John Smith?, p. xiii.
54. See also Yarsinske, Jamestown Exposition, 2: 91.
55. Henry Hoyt Moore, quoted in Gleach, "Pocahontas at the Fair," p. 432; Smith, Generall History, in Barbour, Complete Works of John Smith, 2: 108.
56. Edwin E. Slosson, quoted in Gleach, "Pocahontas at the Fair," p. 436. Revealing skepticism as to the veracity of the rescue myth at the time, the same contemporary observer wrote that the Pamunkey performers "brought with them from their reservation the genuine original stone on which Captain Smith did or did not lay his head when he was or was not rescued by Pocahontas."
57. "The Proceedings of the English Colony in Virginia," in Barbour, Complete Works of John Smith, 1: 274.
58. Frederic W. Gleach, "Pocahontas: An Exercise in Mythmaking and Marketing," in New Perspectives on Native North America: Cultures, Histories, and Representations, edited by Sergei A. Kan and Pauline Turner Strong (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2006), p. 445.
59. See, e.g., ibid.
60. Reynolds, New York at the Jamestown Exposition, p. 103.
61. See "H2. The Marriage of Pocahontas at Jamestown, Virginia, 1813," online at www. nps.gov/history/history/online_books/jame1/moretti-langholtz/appendixb.htm (accessed April 25, 2008).
62. "Jamestown Rag," words and music by Garnett Lee (New York: Evans-Hill Co., 1906).
63. Rydell, Findling, and Pelle, Fair America, p. 19.
64. Robert W. Rydell, All the World's a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876-1916 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), p. 73.
65. A. S. Kelton, "Armed Confederates at Jamestown," Confederate Veteran 14, no. 9 (September 1906): 389.
66. "The Coming Jamestown Exposition," p. 1.
67. Yarsinske, Jamestown Exposition, 1: 107; Parramore, Norfolk, p. 283; Jones, "The Jamestown Tercentenary," p. 313.
68. Kelton, "Armed Confederates," p. 389; Official Guide, pp. 75-77.
69. "The Coming Jamestown Exposition," p. 3.
70. Kelton, "Armed Confederates," p. 401. Not all demonstrations of unity between former Civil War adversaries at the fair were welcome, however, as the following incident reported by the New York Times on July 4, 1907, illustrates: "Refusing to be disciplined and under the influence of liquor, 500 members of the South Carolina and Kentucky regiments of National Guards, in camp at the Jamestown Exposition, rioted on the warpath tonight, ran over concessionaires, broke up side shows, and when resisted by the Powhatan guards attacked them with sticks and stones, forcing the use of sabres."
71. Robert Francis Engs, Freedom's First Generation: Black Hampton Virginia, 1861-1890 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979), pp. 18-23; John V. Quarstein and Dennis Mroczkowski, Fort Monroe: The Key to the South (Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing, 2000), pp. 36-37.
72. Quarstein and Mroczkowski, Fort Monroe, pp. 67-68.
73. Lyon G. Tyler, History of Hampton and Elizabeth City County, Virginia (Hampton, Va.: Board of Supervisors of Elizabeth City County, 1922), p. 52; Quarstein and Mroczkowski, Fort Monroe, pp. 97-102.
74. "Carry Me Back to Old Virginny" was written in the nineteenth century by James Bland, a black minstrel. The composition has been Virginia's official state song since 1940. In 1997 the state senate voted to relegate the song to "emeritus" status and announced a competition to compose a new state song (see www.50states.com/songs/virginia.htm [accessed April 3, 2008]), although to date a winner has not been announced.
75. C. Vann Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, 3d ed., rev. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), p. 6.
76. Ibid., pp. 82-109; Donald B. Cole, Handbook of American History (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1968), p. 147; Parramore, Norfolk, p. 276.
77. Quoted in Lindgren, Preserving the Old Dominion, pp. 109-10.
78. Parramore, Norfolk, p. 276; Woodward, Strange Career, p. 97.
79. A similar debate took place in the black community with regard to participation in other fairs of the era. See, e.g., Rydell, Findling, and Pelle, Fair America, pp. 29-30.
80. Yarsinske, Jamestown Exposition, 2: 32. Johnson's position accorded with that of black activist Booker T. Washington, who, having set the precedent with his famous Atlanta Compromise speech in 1895, gave the keynote address on Negro Day at the Jamestown Tercentennial Exposition (August 3, 1907). He said, "I believe that our people should take advantage of every opportunity no matter where presented, North or South, to show the world the progress that we as a race are making." Ibid., 2: 34.
81. Lindgren, Preserving the Old Dominion, p. 124; Reynolds, New York at the Jamestown Exposition, p. 174; Maginnis, "Opening of the Jamestown Exposition," p. 353. Of all the states participating in the Jamestown exposition, only North Carolina appropriated funds to have its blacks represented in the Negro Building. Yarsinske, Jamestown Exposition, 2: 34.
82. An image of the Negro Building can be seen, however, on a souvenir postcard. The denigration of blacks and other minorities at the Jamestown Tercentennial Exposition and other American fairs of the era also may be understood in the context of prevalent notions of Anglo-Saxon superiority. At the Jamestown Exposition, for example, Igorot tribespeople were presented, much to the chagrin of the Philippine government, with an eye toward making Filipinos (newly incorporated into the American empire) as a whole appear primitive. El Renacimiento, "The Filipinos Do Not Want the 'Wild Tribes' Exhibited," Public 9 (March 9, 1907). A reporter's preview of the Jamestown Exposition commented on a "native theater and restaurant" in the Japanese exhibit that would "show the Japs in their little histrionic and gastronomic life" (Daily Chief [Perry, Iowa], May 24, 1907). Other contemporary journalists waxed eloquent about the Anglo-Saxon heritage of the Jamestown founders, extolling the virtues of the "Saxon race" and especially the "Saxon spirit, which when sufficiently aroused has always swept everything before it" (Page, "Jamestown's Exposition," p. 15). For a fuller discussion of the influence of racism and Anglo-Saxonism on American world's fairs of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, see Rydell, Findling, and Pelle, Fair America, esp. chaps. 1, 2.
83. Words by Leo Curley and music by James B. Mullen (New York: P. J. Howley, 1907).
84. Page, "Jamestown's Exposition," p. 18.
85. Yarsinske, Jamestown Exposition, 1: 103-12; Lee, Laird & Lee's Guide, pp. 127-30.
86. Daily Chief, May 24, 1907.
87. Rydell, Findling, and Pelle, Fair America, p. 55.
88. Ibid., p. 67.
89. Ibid., p. 36. It may be worth mentioning in this context that the equivalent of the Warpath at the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco was called the Joy Zone. Ibid., p. 67.
90. Yarsinske, Jamestown Exposition, 1: 106.
91. A commemorative Jamestown Tercentennial Exposition plate was issued to honor one of the participating battleships and the host state's namesake, the USS Virginia. A photo of the plate can be seen in ibid., 1: 71.
92. Theodore Roosevelt, quoted in Bogle, "Great White Fleet," p. 8; Kenneth J. Hagan, This People's Navy: The Making of American Sea Power (New York: Free Press, 1991), p. 239; Costa, An Illustrated History, p. 43.
93. Bogle, "Great White Fleet," pp. 7-9; Harold Sprout and Margaret Sprout, The Rise of American Naval Power, 1776-1918 (1939; Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1946), p. 284.
94. Hagan, This People's Navy, p. 239; Bogle, "Great White Fleet," p. 9.
95. The 350th Anniversary of Jamestown, 1607-1957: Final Report to the President and Congress of the Jamestown-Williamsburg-Yorktown Celebration Commission (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1958), pp. 35-36, 65-66; The Jamestown Festival Official Program, edited by Parke Rouse Jr. (Richmond, Va.: Whittet and Shepperson, 1957), pp. 30-41.
96. 350th Anniversary, pp. 61-65, 67-68, 129-38, 161, 171, 173-76. Jamestown Festival Program, pp. 41, 44. Virginia Gazette, n.s., 28, Special Glasshouse edition (April 1, 1957), pp. 1-4.
97. www.sebastianworld.com/items/sml2/sml277.htm.
98. Jamestown Festival Program, p. 8. 350th Anniversary, pp. 131-34. Also see William M. Kelso, Jamestown, the Buried Truth (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2006), p. 47.
99. Samuel Yonge, quoted in Lindgren, Preserving the Old Dominion, pp. 121-22; Kelso, Buried Truth, p. 203.
100. Barbara Beem, "Which Jamestown Souvenirs from 2007 Should Be Saved?" Antique Week 39, no. 1975 (May 7, 2007): 3.