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?Figure 1 Detail of the squirrel bottles illustrated in figure 2. (Unless otherwise noted, photos by Gavin Ashworth.)
Figure 2 Squirrel bottles, Salem, North Carolina, 1804–1829. Lead-glazed earthenware. H. 8Q÷$". (Courtesy, Old Salem Museums & Gardens [left], Wachovia Historical Society [right].) Flying squirrels and gray squirrels were popular pets throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. John Singleton Copley’s portrait of his young half brother, Henry Pelham, depicts Henry’s pet squirrel nibbling on a nut in much the same posture as one of the Moravian bottle variants.
Figure 3 Pipe heads, Bethabara, North Carolina, 1756–1772. Lead-glazed earthenware and bisque-fired earthenware. H. 1Q÷@". (Courtesy, Historic Bethabara Park.)
Figure 4 Stove tile, Bethabara or Salem, North Carolina, 1760–1800. Bisque-fired earthenware. H. 8T÷*". (Courtesy, Old Salem Museums & Gardens; photo, Wesley Stewart.) This tile matches sherds recovered at one of Aust’s kiln waster dumps at Bethabara.
Figure 5 Stove tile, Bethabara or Salem, North Carolina, 1760–1800. Lead-glazed earthenware. H. 8T÷*". (Courtesy, Old Salem Museums & Gardens.)
Figure 6 Stove tile mold, Bethabara or Salem, North Carolina, 1760–1800. High-fired clay. H. 9Q÷$". (Courtesy, Wachovia Historical Society.)
Figure 7 Stove tile, Salem, North Carolina, 1760–1800. Lead-glazed earthenware. H. 10Q÷@". (Courtesy, Old Salem Museums & Gardens.)
Figure 8 Plate mold, Bethabara or Salem, North Carolina, 1786–1795. High-fired clay. D. 8". (Courtesy, Wachovia Historical Society.) This mold, which might have been taken from a clay model or a pewter plate, could be one of the forty molds Christ brought from Bethabara to Salem in 1789.
Figure 9 Detail of the back of the mold illustrated in fig. 8.
Figure 10 Sauceboat mold, Bethabara, North Carolina, 1786–1789. Plaster.
(Courtesy, Historic Bethabara Park.)
Figure 11 Barrel, Salem, North Carolina, 1790–1825. Lead-glazed earthenware. H. 4E÷$". (Courtesy, Wachovia Historical Society.) In most inventories of the Salem pottery, “small barrels” are listed with the press-molded figural bottles.
Figure 12 Fish bottle and mold, Salem, North Carolina, 1801–1830. Lead-glazed earthenware (bottle); plaster (mold). L. of bottle 9E÷$"; L. of mold 11". (Courtesy, Old Salem Museums & Gardens [bottle]; Wachovia Historical Society [mold].) This mold exhibits much less wear than most of the surviving examples.
Figure 13 Inkwell, John Holland, Salem, North Carolina, 1810–1830. Lead-glazed earthenware. W. 5". (Courtesy, Old Salem Museums & Gardens.) This inkwell bears Holland’s incised initials. Its design and fabrication suggest that Holland was a competent potter, despite the fact that
his wares often drew complaints from
customers.
Figure 14 Turtle bottle and mold, Salem, North Carolina, 1800–1850. Lead-glazed earthenware (bottle); plaster (mold).
L. of bottle 7Q÷$". (Courtesy, Wachovia Historical Society.)
Figure 15 Turtle bottle, Salem, North Carolina, 1800–1820. Lead-glazed earthenware. L. 8Q÷@". (Private collection.)
Figure 16 The underside of the turtle bottle illustrated in fig. 15.
Figure 17 Detail of the top of the turtle bottle illustrated in fig. 15.
Figure 18 Squirrel figure, StaVordshire, England, ca. 1790–1800. Pearlware. H. 6E÷$". (Courtesy, Sotheby’s.)
Figure 19 Squirrel bottle, Salem, North Carolina, 1804–1829. Lead-glazed earthenware. H. 8Q÷@". (Courtesy, Old Salem Museums & Gardens.)
Figure 20 Squirrel bottle and mold, Salem, North Carolina, 1820–1850. Lead-glazed earthenware (bottle); plaster (mold). H. of bottle 6Q÷$". (Courtesy, Old Salem Museums & Gardens.)
Figure 21 Owl bottle, Salem, North
Carolina, 1804–1840. Lead-glazed earthenware. H. 5Q÷@". (Private collection.) The mold for this bottle is in the Wachovia Historical Society Collection at Old Salem Museums & Gardens.
Figure 22 Owl bottle, Salem, North Carolina, 1804–1840. Lead-glazed earthenware. H. 7E÷$". (Courtesy, Old Salem Museums & Gardens.)
Figure 24 Owl jug, StaVordshire, England, 1695–1710. Lead-glazed earthenware. H. 9Q÷*". (Courtesy, Chipstone Foundation.)
Figure 23 Owl figure, StaVordshire, England, 1790–1810. Lead-glazed earthenware. H. 5E÷$". (Courtesy, Chipstone Foundation.)
Figure 25 Bear bottle, Salem, North Carolina, 1810–1830. Lead-glazed earthenware. H. 6E÷$". (Private collection.) The 1810 inventory of the Salem pottery lists forty-four bear bottles at 1s. 6d. each.
Figure 26 Fox bottle or caster, Salem, North Carolina, 1810–1830. Lead-glazed earthenware. H. 5Q÷@". (Courtesy, Old Salem Museums & Gardens.) The base of this bottle has been restored.
Figure 27 Fish bottles, Salem, North Carolina, 1801–1829. Lead-glazed earthenware. L. of largest 9E÷$". (Courtesy, Old Salem Museums & Gardens.) Although the 1819 inventory of the Salem Pottery lists fish bottles in four sizes, the 1829 mold inventory lists only three.
Figure 28 Fish bottle, Salem, North Carolina, 1801–1829. Lead-glazed earthenware. L. 8". (Private collection.) Slight variations among extant fish, even those of the same size, attest to the existence of multiple models and molds. The decorator of this example outlined the fish’s eyes.
Figure 29 Fish flask, Tell el-Yahudiya, Egypt, 1650–1550 b.c. Unglazed earthenware. L. 7 5/8". (Courtesy, Collection of University College London.)
Figure 30 Crayfish bottle, Salem, North Carolina, 1801–1840. Lead-glazed earthenware. L. 4 1/4". (Courtesy, Old Salem Museums & Gardens.)
Figure 31 Crayfish bottle, Salem, North Carolina, 1801–1840. Lead-glazed earthenware. L. 6 1/2". (Private collection.)
Figure 32 Doll head mold, Salem, North Carolina, 1820–1850. Plaster. H. 2 3/4". (Courtesy, Old Salem Museums & Gardens.) The 1824 inventory of the Salem pottery listed 803 dolls in three sizes. They probably were not the same as the “lady bottles,” which were not listed with toys. The large number of doll heads in the inventory suggests that the pottery was making them to sell to other retail outlets.
Figure 33 Bird figure, Salem, North Carolina, 1810–1820. Lead-glazed earthenware. L. 2 3/4". (Courtesy, Wachovia Historical Society.) Bird figures of this type were probably intended as toys. The mold for the body of this example survives. The rather indistinct features of the head suggest that it was modeled by hand rather than produced in a second mold.
Figure 34 Sheep head fragment, Salem, North Carolina, 1834–1860. Bisque-fired earthenware. L. 3/4". (Courtesy, Old Salem Museums & Garden.) This fragment was recovered at the site of Heinrich SchaVner’s pottery. Sheep and birds are listed as toys in the 1824 inventory of the Salem pottery.
Figure 35 Dog figure, England, 1825–
1835. Lead-glazed earthenware. H. 1 1/2". (Private collection.) Dog figure mold, Salem, North Carolina, 1819–1850. Plaster. H. 2 1/8". (Courtesy, Wachovia Historical Society.) The mold might have been taken from an English dog figure such as the example illustrated here.
Figure 36 Lady bottle, Salem, North Carolina, 1806–1830. Lead-glazed earthenware. H. 9 1/4". (Private collection.) Lady bottles appear in four sizes on inventories beginning in 1806.
Figure 37 Lady bottle, Salem, North Carolina, 1806–1830. Lead-glazed earthenware. H. 5 1/2". (Courtesy, Old Salem Museums & Gardens.) This example probably represents the smallest of the lady bottles. It has a cluster of small holes in the back and a single, larger hole in the bottom, suggesting that this object functioned as a caster. None of the larger lady bottles has small piercings.
Figure 38 Chicken caster, Salem, North Carolina, 1810–1850. Lead-glazed earthenware. H. 4". (Private collection.)
Figure 39 Bottle, Salem, North Carolina, 1790–1820. Lead-glazed earthenware. H. 6 1/2". (Courtesy, Old Salem Museums & Gardens.)
Figure 40 Eagle bottle, Salem, North Carolina, 1819–1830. Lead-glazed earthenware. H. 5 1/2". (Courtesy, Old Salem Museums & Gardens.)
Figure 41 Eagle bottle mold, Salem, North Carolina, 1819–1830. Plaster. H. 6 1/2". (Courtesy, Wachovia Historical Society.) According to the 1819 Salem pottery inventory, eagle bottles were made in two sizes. This mold was probably for the smaller size. The larger one is oval in shape and slightly taller than the round one illustrated here, although the eagle motif is the same size on both.
Figure 42 Bottle, Salem, North Carolina, 1800–1830. Lead-glazed earthenware. H. 6 1/2". (Courtesy, Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts.) This bottle was found in Randolph County, which is adjacent to Alamance County.
Figure 43 Flask, probably southern Alamance County, North Carolina, 1760–1790. H. 5 3/8". (Courtesy, Old Salem Museums & Gardens.)
Figure 44 Tart plate molds, Salem, North Carolina, 1806–1829. Plaster (left); high-fired clay (right). D. of left mold 6". (Courtesy, Wachovia Historical Society.)
Figure 45 Tart plate fragment, Salem, North Carolina, 1806–1829. Lead-glazed earthenware. (Courtesy, Old Salem Museums & Gardens.) This fragment was excavated on one of the lots used by the Salem pottery.
Figure 46 Leaf dish and mold, Salem, North Carolina, 1807–1829. Lead-glazed earthenware (leaf dish); plaster (mold). L. of dish 8 1/2"; L. of mold 10 1/4". (Courtesy, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation [dish], Wachovia Historical Society [mold]; photo, Hans Lorenz.)
Figure 47 Leaf dish mold, Salem or Bethabara, North Carolina, 1786–1821. L. 9 1/4". (Courtesy, Wachovia Historical Society; photo, Hans Lorenz.) The mold is marked “RC.” No dishes of this pattern have been identified.
Figure 48 Duck tureen or sauceboat, Salem, North Carolina, 1819–1840. Lead-glazed earthenware. L. 7". (Courtesy, Old Salem Museums & Gardens.) The 1829 Salem pottery mold inventory includes two sizes of ducks but does not specify the function of the final forms.
Figure 49 Sauceboat or butterboat mold, Salem, North Carolina, 1780–1829. Plaster. L. 9". (Courtesy, Wachovia Historical Society.)
Figure 50 Teapot spout and lid molds, Salem, North Carolina. 1800–1830. Plaster. L. of spout mold 5 1/4". (Courtesy, Wachovia Historical Society.)
Figure 51 Teapot spout mold, Salem or Bethabara, North Carolina, 1786–1820. Plaster. L. 5 3/4". (Courtesy, Wachovia Historical Society.)
Figure 52 Cake molds, Salem, North Carolina, 1820–1850. Lead-glazed earthenware. D. of mold on left 9 1/2". (Courtesy, Old Salem Museums & Gardens.) Cake molds, a term not used in the pottery inventories, were probably counted among the hundreds of pans recorded each year in a variety of sizes.
Figure 53 Mushmelon mold, Salem, North Carolina, 1810–1829. Plaster. L. 5 1/2". (Courtesy, Wachovia Historical Society.) The small size of this mold suggests that the mushmelon was produced as a small bottle or caster.
Figure 54 Tile stove, Salem, North Carolina, 1772–1800. Lead-glazed earthenware. H. 49". (Courtesy, Old Salem Museums & Gardens; photo, Wesley Stewart.)
Figure 55 Stove pattern, Bonn, Germany, 1833–1862. Ink on paper. 16 1/2 x 10". (Courtesy, Wachovia Historical Society.)
Figure 56 Stove patterns, Germany, 1830–1860. Ink on paper. 8 x 10". (Courtesy, Wachovia Historical Society.)
Figure 57 Detail of a stove pattern illustrated in fig. 56 with a bisque-fired stove molding, Salem, North Carolina, 1834–1850. (Courtesy, Old Salem Museums & Gardens [molding].)
Figure 58 Tile stove, attributed to
Heinrich SchaVner, Salem, North Carolina, 1830–1850. Lead-glazed earthenware. H. 69". (Courtesy, Old Salem Museums & Gardens; photo, Wesley Stewart.)
Figure 59 Turkey mold, Salem, North Carolina, 1806–1829. Plaster. L. 9 1/2". (Courtesy, Wachovia Historical Society.) “Turkeys” first appear on the 1806 Salem pottery inventory, but there is no description of their function. The 1820 inventory lists “Turkey Flower Pots.”
Figure 60 Flowerpot, Heinrich SchaVner, Salem, North Carolina, 1830–1860. Lead-glazed earthenware. H. 5". (Private collection.)
Figure 61 Lion’s-head mold, Salem, North Carolina, 1850–1870. Plaster. H. 5". (Courtesy, Wachovia Historical Society.)